Which of the following statements concerning gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms is false?

1

Which of the following statements about phylum Anthophyta is FALSE?

The two major classes are the monocots and dicots.

2

Which of the following statements about myco-heterotrophic plants is FALSE?

They are indirectly associated with an autotroph.

3

In a myco-heterotrophic relationship, the ___________ transfers carbohydrates to the ___________.

4

The pedicel of a flower is:

the stalk of a flower in an inflorescence.

5

The fertile parts of a flower are the:

6

The perianth consists of all the __________ of a flower.

7

Which of the following statements about a stamen is FALSE?

It is part of the gynoecium.

8

The gynoecium consists of all the ______ of a flower.

9

The portion of a carpel that encloses the ovules is the:

10

The style connects the _____ to the ______.

11

In axile placentation, the ovules are borne:

on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary.

12

A perfect flower contains:

13

A monoecious species has:

staminate and carpellate flowers on the same plant.

14

A flower that has only stamens and petals is:

15

An example of connation is the union of stamens with:

16

By definition, a flower with a aposepalous calyx has:

sepals not joined together.

17

In flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens attached below the ovary, the ovary is said to be:

18

All bilaterally symmetrical flowers are:

19

In angiosperms, the mature female gametophyte consists of _____ cells.

20

In angiosperms, the ovary develops into a(n):

21

The innermost layer of the pollen sac wall is the:

22

Microsporocytes divide by ______, forming ______.

meiosis; haploid microspores

23

Which of the following statements concerning pollen grain apertures is FALSE?

They are located in the intine.

24

Sporopollenin is the primary constituent of the:

25

When the microspore of an angiosperm divides, it gives rise directly to:

a generative cell and a tube cell.

26

A polymer in the _____ protects the pollen grain against UV radiation, dehydration, and pathogen attack.

27

Which of the following statements about pollen grains is FALSE?

They are poorly represented in the fossil record.

28

About 70% of living angiosperms have a(n) _______ type of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis.

29

In the most common pattern of embryo sac development in angiosperms, how many nuclei end up at the chalazal end?

30

______ are found at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

31

In embryo sac development, the egg apparatus contains the egg cell and the:

32

In the center of the embryo sac are the:

33

The mature female gametophyte is called a(n):

34

The mature megagametophyte consists of ______ nuclei and _____ cells.

35

In the process of pollination, the:

pollen passes from the anther to a stigma.

36

Which of the following statements concerning transmitting tissue is FALSE?

It is classified as being either wet or dry.

37

________ mark the pathways of sperm cell and sperm nucleus migrations within the ovule.

38

In the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the ______, and the other sperm fuses with the ______.

39

In most angiosperms, the primary endosperm nucleus is:

40

The process of double fertilization occurs:

only in angiosperms, Ephedra, and Gnetum.

41

The function of the endosperm is to provide ______ for the embryo.

42

In some angiosperms, the food store of the seed is perisperm derived from the:

43

Unlike gymnosperms, the stored food in angiosperms is:

formed after fertilization.

44

As the seed develops, the ovary wall becomes the:

45

Myco-heterotrophs have an obligate relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus.

46

A carpel is a leaflike structure that contains ovules.

47

A carpel is a leaflike structure that contains ovules.

48

In a carpel, the style connects the stigma with the ovary.

49

If a single ovule is borne on a central column in an unpartitioned ovary, the placentation is described as parietal.

50

A flower that has both stamens and carpels but lacks sepals is described as imperfect and incomplete.

51

In a flower with a superior ovary, the perianth and stamens are epigynous.

52

Radially symmetrical flowers are said to be irregular.

53

Angiosperms have archegonia but lack antheridia.

54

The function of the tapetum is to provide food for developing microspores.

55

Sporopollenin protects the microgametophyte against UV radiation.

56

The most common type of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis is the Polygonum type.

57

The integuments envelope the nucellus except at the micropyle.

58

The central cell contains the egg apparatus.

59

The great majority of living angiosperms have mature embryo sacs consisting of seven cells and eight nuclei.

60

The first flowering plants had a Polygonum type of embryo sac.

61

Wet stigmas have a cuticle that contains a hydrated layer of proteins, carbohydates, and lipids.

62

The male germ unit consists of two sperms cells physically associated with the vegetative nucleus.

63

The male germ unit consists of two sperms cells physically associated with the vegetative nucleus.

64

Synergids produce chemicals that attract the pollen tube.

65

Endosperm may be an evolutionary derivative of a second embryo.

66

In angiosperms, embryogeny begins with a free nuclear stage.

67

Perisperm develops from the proliferation of the nucellus.

68

Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are the layers of the ovary wall in a fruit.

69

Angiosperms first appear in the fossil record in the ______ period.

70

The most recent evidence indicates that:

The angiosperms have close relatives among the living gymnosperms.

71

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of the angiosperms?

Stamens with four pairs of pollen sacs

72

The monocots and eudicots comprise approximately _____ percent of living angiosperms.

73

Which of the following do NOT have single-pored pollen?

74

Which of the following statements concerning Amborella is FALSE?

It belongs to the Mesangiospermae.

75

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Archaefructus?

76

The original angiosperms most likely:

77

In most angiosperms, petals are probably evolutionary derivatives of:

78

In contrast to living angiosperms, the stamens of archaic angiosperms:

79

In archaic angiosperms, the carpels:

80

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend among flowers?

from an inferior ovary to a superior ovary

81

Ray flowers and disk flowers are characteristic of the:

82

:The largest angiosperm family is the:

83

The pollinium consists of the:

84

Which of the following was NOT an evolutionary adaptation of angiosperms in response to insects?

85

The most important flower-visiting animals in angiosperm evolution are:

86

Which of the following is NOT an example of coevolution of bees and flowers?

Flowers pollinated by bees are usually red.

87

Flowers with a long corrolla tube most likely pollinated by:

88

Which of the following statements concerning pollination by "deception" is FALSE?

"Sex-deception" occurs exclusively in the grasses.

89

Most flowers pollinated by birds:

90

Which of the following statements about most bat-pollinated flowers is FALSE?

They are relatively odorless.

91

Flowers pollinated by ___________ are most likely to produce no nectar, have dull colors, are relatively small, and have the sexes separated on the same plant.

92

The red, orange, and yellow pigments of flowers are:

93

The most important pigments in floral coloration are:

94

The red and blue pigments stored in vacuoles in flowers are:

95

___________ are flavonoids that vary in color with the pH of the cell sap.

96

Ultraviolet absorbance in flowers is related to the presence of:

97

The red color of beets is due to the presence of:

98

By definition, an accessory fruit develops from:

an ovary plus additional flower parts.

99

By definition, a parthenocarpic fruit lacks:

101

A simple fruit in which the inner layer of the fruit wall is fleshy is a(n):

102

A simple fruit in which the fleshy portion is derived largely from the base of the perianth is a(n):

103

By definition, an indehiscent fruit:

does not breakopen at maturity.

104

The fruit characteristic of the pea family is a(n):

105

Which of the following is NOT an indehiscent fruit?

106

The grains typical of the grass family are a type of fruit known as a:

107

A __________, characteristic of the pea family and others, splits open at maturity into two or more one-seeded portions.

108

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation specific to wind-borne fruits or seed?

tissue with large air spaces

109

In _________, the seeds are shot aloft from the plant.

110

The function of elaisomes is to:

111

What is the apparent function of most secondary plant products?

restricting the palatability of the plant to herbivores

112

A relationship bewtween plants of the mustard family Brassicaceae and larvae of the butterfly family Pierniae has developed such that the larvae:

feed only on those plants.

113

Which of the following statements about the coevolution of angiosperms and insects is FALSE?

Many of the possible coevolution variants have evolved only once within a particular plant family.

114

Gnetophytes are more closely related to angiosperms than to gymnosperms.

115

Archaefructus is the earliest angiosperm whole-plant fossil.

116

Molecular evidence indicates angiosperm are 125 million years old.

117

Like gymnosperms, the earliest angiosperms had pollen grains with a single pore.

118

The monocots and eudicots each had a common ancestor.

119

The Nymphaeales (water lilies) are classified as basak angiosperms.

120

Amborella is a sister group of the Mesangiospermae.

121

Archaic members of the waterlily family (Nymphaeceae) arose before the divergence of the monocots and eudicots.

122

The magnoliids were the first lineage to diverge within the Mesangiospermae.

123

Archaefructus is the first intact fossil of a mature eudicot.

124

In the earliest angiosperms, sepals normally have the same number of vascular strands as the leaves of the same plant.

125

In angiosperms, there is a general trend from bilateral to radial symmetry.

126

A pollinium is a pollen-dispersal unit characteristic of the Orchidaceae.

127

"Honey guides" are usually located on the petals of the bee-pollinated flowers.

128

The nectary of a moth-pollinated flower is usually at the top of the corolla tube.

129

In "food deception", the plant signals the presence of nectar without providing it.

130

Wind-pollinated flowers often have feathery outgrowth for intercepting pollen grains.

131

Most red and blue pigments are anthocyanins.

132

Bougainvillea flowers are red due to the presence of anthocynanins as wells as betacyanins.

133

A parthenocarpic fruit is one that developed without seeds.

134

A mutiple fruit develops from an apocarpous gynecium.

135

Either seeds or fruits may have wings or plumes for wind dispersal.

136

An example of a secondary metabolite is caffeine.

137

In plants, the main role of chemicals such as cocaine and nicotine seems to be attracting pollinators.

138

Many insects that eat noxious plants are brightly colored.

139

A plant’s body plan consists of a(n) ______ and a(n) ______ pattern.

140

When the zygote first divides, the two daughter cells are the ______ cell and the ______ cell.

141

Located at the micropylar pole of the embryo is the:

142

Which of the following statements about the polarity of an embryo is FALSE?

It is established only after the zygote has divided.

143

Which primary meristem forms first?

144

Which of the following statements concerning primary meristems is FALSE?

An example is the suspensor.

145

The procambium is the precursor of the:

146

During early embryogenesis, the ground meristem surrounds the:

147

Which of following lists the correct developmental sequence in eudicots, where I is the globular stage; II, the heart stage; III, the proembryo; IV, the torpedo stage; and V, the zygote?

148

In embryogenesis in monocots, globular embryos next become:

149

The root and shoot apical meristems first become discernible during the transition between the ______ and ______.

globular stage; torpedo stage

150

The cotyledons elongate most dramatically and may become curved during the _______ stage.

151

Where does the shoot apical meristem arise in eudicot embryos?

between the two cotyledons

152

Normal development of the ______ prevents formation of extra embryos by the ______.

153

During embryogenesis in Arabidopsis, mutants with the twn mutation:

form secondary embryos from the suspensor.

154

In Arabidopsis, embryonic development is thought to be coordinated by at least ______ distinct genes.

155

The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the:

156

Which of the following CANNOT be part of the plumule?

157

In some embryos, below the hypocotyl the _________ is found.

158

In eudicots, in which most of the endosperm is absorbed by the embryo, the cotyledons:

159

The cotyledon of grasses is called a(n):

160

In monocots, the cotyledon can have all of the following functions EXCEPT:

protection of the plumule.

161

In a grass embryo, the coleorhiza encloses the:

162

The integuments develop into the:

163

Which of the following statements about the seed coat is FALSE?

It develops from the ovary.

164

In grasses, the pericarp consists of the:

mature ovary and remnants of the seed coat only.

165

The scar left on the seed coat after the seed has separated from its stalk is called the:

166

Which of the following statements concerning the maturation phase of seed development is FALSE?

Cell division in the embryo accelerates.

167

Which of the following events is NOT associated with seed germination?

synthesis of food reserves

168

When the seed coat is ruptured during germination, the seed:

switches to aerobic respiration.

169

A quiescent seed is different from a dormant seed in that a quiescent seed will germinate:

170

Which of the following would not typically cause coat-imposed dormancy?

prevention of the release of growth promoters from the seed

171

Embryo dormancy would typically be caused by:

an increase in abscisic acid concentrations.

172

The process of after-ripening involves:

enzymatic modification of a dormant seed so that it will germinate.

173

In temperate regions of the world, after-ripening is triggered by:

174

What induces the seeds of manzanita and other plants of the California chaparral to germinate?

175

The _________ is usally the first structure to emerge from germinating seed.

176

In monocots, the root system commonly develops from:

177

In epigeous germination, which structure emerges above ground first?

178

In the pea (Pisum sativum), the ________ forms the hook that pushes to the soil surface during seed germination.

179

Which of the following statements about seed germination in onion (Allium cepa) is FALSE?

Germination is hypogeous.

180

In maize (Zea mays), the first structure to emerge from the seed during germination is the:

181

The radial pattern of embryogenesis consits of concentrically arranged tissue systems.

182

In most angiosperms, the first division of the zygote is symmetrically and longitudinal to the long axis of the zygote.

183

In angiosperms, polarity can be either with the first division of the zygote or before.

184

The suspensor anchors the embryo at the micropyle.

185

The root and shoot apical meristems are two of the primary meristems.

186

The protoderm is formed by anticlinal divisions of the outermost cells of the embryo proper.

187

In the heart stage of development, the lobes of the "heart" are the cotyledons.

188

The apical meristems are the source of virtually all of the tissues of the seedling and adult plant.

189

The suspensor is an example of a structure that undergoes programmed death.

190

The embryonic root is called the radicle.

191

Seeds with large cotyledons typically have little or no endosperm.

192

The cotyledon of grasses is called a scutellum.

193

The coleoptile and coleorhiza are typically found in monocots and eudicots.

194

In a grass embryo, the coleoptile encloses the plumule.

195

In grasses, the pericarp is found immediately inside the seed coat.

196

The funiculus is the stalk of the seed.

197

Metabolism increases toward the end of the maturation phase of seed development.

198

Before the seed coat ruptures during germination, glucose breakdown may be entirely anerobic.

199

A quiescent seed will not germinate even when external conditions are favorable.

200

An example of a coat-imposed dormancy is a mechanically rigid seed coat.

201

The dormancy acquired during seed maturation is called primary dormancy.

202

In temperate regions, after-ripening ensures that seeds will germinate in the fall rather than in the spring.

203

In hypogeous germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil.

204

In maize, the pericarp functions as the seed coat.