Which method would the nurse use to administer cyclobenzaprine

Local damage to skeletal muscles can happen due to injuries and accidents. If the damage is severe, normal muscular functioning and central nervous system may be permanently damaged.

Spasticity is a condition characterized by sustained contractions of the muscle. It is due to the loss of nerves responsible for the maintenance of balance in corresponding muscle activities.

Skeletal muscle relaxants are agents that can treat both temporary and permanent neuronal damage. They do this by interfering with the pain and spasm cycle.

Muscle Relaxants: Generic and Brand Names

Here is a table of commonly encountered muscle relaxants, their generic names, and brand names:

Disease Spotlight: Neuromuscular Abnormalities

Muscle Spasm

• A disturbance to the normal flow of information in the CNS caused by diseases, infections, toxins, and injuries can lead to disturbances ranging from spasms to paralysis.
• Muscle spasm results from violent and painful involuntary muscle contraction usually caused by muscle overstretching, joint wrenching, and tendon or ligament tearing. When this happens, the injured area floods sensory impulses to the spinal cord and it responds by eliciting intense muscle contraction. Pain from muscle spasms is due to lactic acid accumulation that occurs when blood flow is cut off during contractions. Sensory impulses continue to flood and a vicious cycle of contraction develops.

Spasticity

• Muscle spasticity occurs when damaged neurons are within the CNS rather than the peripheral areas. The site of damage makes this abnormality permanent. There is an interruption in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences within the CNS which can lead to hypertonia (excessive muscle stimulation) and consequent contractures and structural changes. There is now loss of coordinated muscle activity.

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants

• Centrally acting muscle relaxants work in the CNS to interfere with reflexes that cause muscle spasms. They essentially destroy or lyse spasms and are often referred to as spasmolytics.
• Other modalities of spasm and pain relief like rest, heat application, and physical therapy are used in addition to these drugs.

Therapeutic Action

The desired and beneficial actions of centrally acting muscle relaxants are as follows:

• The exact mechanism of action of skeletal muscle relaxants is not fully understood but it is thought that it involves the participation of upper or spinal interneurons.
• It inhibits monosynaptic and polysynaptic spinal reflexes. Other than that, it is a CNS depressant.

Indications

Centrally acting muscle relaxants are indicated for the following medical conditions:

• Primary indication is relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions as adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures.
• Alleviation of signs and symptoms of spasticity, may be of use in spinal cord injuries or spinal cord diseases.

Here are some important aspects to remember for indication of centrally acting muscle relaxants in different age groups: 

Children

• Safety and effectiveness not established in children. However, children older than age 12 may be given with metaxalone.
• Baclofen, on the other hand, is used to relieve spasticity associated with cerebral palsy.
• Methocarbamol is the drug of choice for children with tetanus. Children should be monitored closely for CNS and GI toxicity.

Adults

• They should be cautioned to avoid activities that require alertness (e.g. driving) because drugs can cause confusion and drowsiness.
• Muscle spasm in adults related to anxiety can be treated with diazepam.
• Pregnant and lactating women should be advised to use contraception and alternative method of feeding, respectively.

Older adults

• They are more likely to experience adverse effects associated with these drugs.
• Carisoprodol is the centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant of choice for older patients and for those with hepatic or renal impairment.

Pharmacokinetics

Here are the characteristic interactions of centrally acting muscle relaxants and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:

Contraindications and Cautions

The following are contraindications and cautions for the use of centrally acting muscle relaxants:

• Allergy to centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants. Prevent hypersensitivity reactions.
• Skeletal muscle spasms caused by rheumatic disorders. Do not benefit from these drugs.
• History of epilepsy. CNS depression and imbalance caused by drugs may exacerbate seizure disorder.
• Cardiac dysfunction. Muscle function may be depressed.
• Condition marked by muscle weakness. Can be exacerbated by drugs.
• Hepatic, renal dysfunction. Interfere with drug metabolism and excretion.
• Baclofen is not indicated for treatment of spasticity that contributes to locomotion, upright function, or increased function. Blocking this spasticity results in loss of these functions.

Adverse Effects

Use of centrally acting muscle relaxants may result to these adverse effects:

• CNS: depression, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, confusion, headache, insomnia.
• CV: hypotension, arrhythmias
• GI: nausea, dry mouth, anorexia, constipation.
• GU: urinary frequency, enuresis, urinary urgency
• Chlorzoxazone may turn urine into purple-red color.
• Tizanidine has been associated with liver toxicity and hypotension in some patients.
• Baclofen is tapered over 1-2 weeks to prevent development of psychoses and hallucinations.

Interactions

The following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of centrally acting muscle relaxants:

• Other CNS depressants, alcohol: increased CNS depression

Here are important nursing considerations when administering this drug:

Nursing Assessment

These are the important things the nurse should include in conducting assessment, history taking, and examination:

• Assess for mentioned contraindications and cautions (e.g. drug allergy, cardiac depression, rheumatic disorder, pregnancy and lactation, etc.) to prevent untoward complications.
• Conduct thorough physical assessment (temperature, skin color and lesion, CNS orientation, affect, reflexes, bilateral grip strength, spasticity evaluation; bowel sounds and urine output) to obtain baseline data.
• Monitor liver and renal function tests to detect potential adverse effects.

Nursing Diagnoses

Here are some of the nursing diagnoses that can be formulated in the use of this drug for therapy:

Implementation with Rationale

These are vital nursing interventions done in patients who are taking centrally acting muscle relaxants:

• Provide additional spasm and pain relief like rest periods, heat application, NSAIDs as ordered, and positioning to augment the effects of the drug at relieving the musculoskeletal discomfort.
• Discontinue drug at any sign of liver and renal dysfunction to prevent severe toxicity.
• Monitor respiratory status to evaluate adverse effects and arrange for appropriate dose adjustment or discontinuation of the drug.
• Provide comfort measures to help patient tolerate drug effects.
• Provide safety measures (e.g. adequate lighting, raised side rails, etc.) to prevent injuries.
• Educate client on drug therapy to promote understanding and compliance.

Evaluation

Here are aspects of care that should be evaluated to determine effectiveness of drug therapy:

• Monitor patient response to therapy (improvement in muscle spasm and relief of pain; improvement in muscle spasticity).
• Monitor for adverse effects (e.g.CNS changes, GI depression, urinary urgency, etc).
• Evaluate patient understanding on drug therapy by asking patient to name the drug, its indication, and adverse effects to watch for.
• Monitor patient compliance to drug therapy.

Direct-Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

• Direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants enter the muscle to prevent muscle contraction directly.

Therapeutic Action

The desired and beneficial actions of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants are as follows:

• Dantrolene acts within skeletal muscle fibers and interfere with calcium ion release from the muscle tubules. Therefore, the fibers are prevented from contracting. It does not interfere with neuromuscular transmission and does not affect skeletal muscle surface membrane.

Indications

Here are some important aspects to remember for indication of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants in different age groups:

Children

• Safety and effectiveness not established in children.
• Dantrolene is used to treat upper motor neuron spasticity in children.
• Dose should be accurately calculated based on body weight and it increases over time.
• Children are at increased risk of CNS and GI toxicity.

Adult

• They should be cautioned to avoid activities that require alertness (e.g. driving) because drugs can cause confusion and drowsiness.
• Pregnant and lactating women should be advised to use contraception and alternative method of feeding, respectively.
• Premenopausal women are at increased risk for hepatotoxicity in association with use of dantrolene.

Older adults

• They are more likely to experience adverse effects associated with these drugs.
• Older women who are receiving hormone replacement therapy have the same risk for hepatotoxicity with premenopausal women in association with use of dantrolene.

Pharmacokinetics

Here are the characteristic interactions of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:

Contraindications and Cautions

The following are contraindications and cautions for the use of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants:

• Allergy to direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants. Prevent hypersensitivity reactions
• Spasticity contributes to locomotion, upright position, increased function. These functions will be lost if spasticity were blocked
• Active hepatic disease. Interfere with the metabolism of the drug
• Pregnancy. Potential adverse effects to the fetus
• Lactation. May cross breast milk and may cause adverse effects in the infant
• Women and patients older than age 35. Caution is applied because of increased risk of potentially fatal hepatocellular disease
• History of liver disease or previous dysfunction. Increases liver’s susceptibility to cellular toxicity
• Respiratory depression. Exacerbated by muscular weakness
• Cardiac disease. Cardiac muscle depression may be a risk

Adverse Effects

Use of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants may result to these adverse effects:

• CNS: drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, confusion, headache, insomnia, visual disturbances
• GI: GI irritation, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal cramps
• GU: urinary frequency, enuresis, urinary urgency, crystalline urine with pain or burning on urination
• Others: acne, abnormal hair growth, rashes, photosensitivity, abnormal sweating, chills, nyalgia
• Dantrolene can cause direct hepatocellular damage and potentially fatal hepatitis
• Botulinum toxins are associated with anaphylactic reactions characterized by headache, dizziness, muscle pain, paralysis

Interactions

The following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants:

Here are important nursing considerations when administering this drug:

Nursing Assessment

These are the important things the nurse should include in conducting assessment, history taking, and examination:

• Assess for mentioned contraindications and cautions (e.g. drug allergy, cardiac depression, rheumatic disorder, pregnancy and lactation, etc.) to prevent untoward complications.
• Conduct thorough physical assessment (temperature, skin color and lesion, CNS orientation, affect, reflexes, bilateral grip strength, spasticity evaluation; bowel sounds and urine output) to obtain baseline data.
• Monitor liver and renal function tests to detect potential adverse effects.

Nursing Diagnoses

Here are some of the nursing diagnoses that can be formulated in the use of this drug for therapy:

• Acute pain related to GI and CNS effects
• Disturbed thought processes related to CNS effects
• Risk for injury related to CNS effects

Implementation with Rationale

These are vital nursing interventions done in patients who are taking direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants:

• Assess area before administering botulinum toxins because area with active infection will be exacerbated by injection.
• Monitor intravenous access sites of dantrolene for potential extravasation because drug is alkaline and very irritating to tissues.
• Periodically discontinue dantrolene for 2-4 days as ordered to monitor therapeutic effectiveness.
• Discontinue drug at any sign of liver dysfunction to prevent adverse effects.
• Provide comfort measures to help patient tolerate drug effects.
• Provide safety measures (e.g. adequate lighting, raised side rails, etc.) to prevent injuries.
• Educate client on drug therapy to promote understanding and compliance.

Evaluation

Here are aspects of care that should be evaluated to determine effectiveness of drug therapy:

• Monitor patient response to therapy (improvement in spasticity, movement and activities).
• Monitor for adverse effects (e.g. CNS changes, diarrhea, liver toxicity, etc).
• Evaluate patient understanding on drug therapy by asking patient to name the drug, its indication, and adverse effects to watch for.
• Monitor patient compliance to drug therapy.

Practice Quiz: Muscle Relaxants

Quiz time! Let’s see what you’ve learned from this pharmacology guide for muscle relaxants. Take this 5-item quiz!

1. All of the following are direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants, except:

A. botulinum toxin type AB. MyoblocC. Dantrium

D. None of the above