What should the nurse aide do when a client with Alzheimers disease seems depressed and quiet

1. Steinberg M, Corcoran C, Tschanz JT, et al. Risk factors for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:824–830. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Amore M, Tagariello P, Laterza C, Savoia EM. Subtypes of depression in dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007;44 (Suppl 1):23–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Cankurtaran M, Yavuz BB, Cankurtaran ES, Halil M, Ulger Z, Ariogul S. Risk factors and type of dementia: Vascular or Alzheimer? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Starkstein SE, Jorge R, Mizrahi R, Robinson RG. The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2086–2093. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Tatsch MF, Bottino CM, Azevedo D, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease and cognitively impaired, nondemented elderly from a community-based sample in Brazil: prevalence and relationship with dementia severity. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:438–445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Palmer K, Berger AK, Monastero R, Winblad B, Backman L, Fratiglioni L. Predictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007;68:1596–1602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Solfrizzi V, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, et al. Incident occurrence of depressive symptoms among patients with mild cognitive impairment - the Italian longitudinal study on aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;24:55–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Hwang TJ, Masterman DL, Ortiz F, Fairbanks LA, Cummings JL. Mild cognitive impairment is associated with characteristic neuropsychiatric symptoms. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18:17–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Jorm AF. History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: an updated review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;35:776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Metaregression Analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:530–538. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Devanand DP, Sano M, Tang MX, et al. Depressed mood and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly living in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:175–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Gabryelewicz T, Styczynska M, Luczywek E, et al. The rate of conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: predictive role of depression. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007;22:563–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Li Y-s, Meyer JS, Thornby J. Depressive symptoms among cognitively normal versus cognitively impaired elderly subjects. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001;16:455–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Simard M, van Reekum R, Cohen T. A Review of the Cognitive and Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia With Lewy Bodies. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;12:425–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Teng E, Lu PH, Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;24:253–259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Sutcliffe C, Burns A, Challis D, et al. Depressed mood, cognitive impairment, and survival in older people admitted to care homes in England. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:708–715. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Appleby BS, Roy P, Valenti A, Lee HB. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in Alzheimer’s disease: impact on mood and cognition. Panminerva Med. 2007;49:139–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Hancock GA, Woods B, Challis D, Orrell M. The needs of older people with dementia in residential care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006;21:43–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Onega LL. Assessment of psychoemotional and behavioral status in patients with dementia. Nurs Clin North Am. 2006;41:23–41. v. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Selwood A, Thorgrimsen L, Orrell M. Quality of life in dementia: A one-year follow-up study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2005;20:232–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Conn D, Thorpe L. Assessment of behavioural and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34 (Suppl 1):S67–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Twelftree H, Qazi A. Relationship between anxiety and agitation in dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2006;10:362–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Black W, Almeida OP. A systematic review of the association between the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and burden of care. International Psychogeriatrics. 2004;16:295–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Kales HC, Chen P, Blow FC, Welsh DE, Mellow AM. Rates of Clinical Depression Diagnosis, Functional Impairment, and Nursing Home Placement in Coexisting Dementia and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:441–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Potter GG, Steffens DC. Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. Neurologist. 2007;13:105–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Daiello LA. Current issues in dementia pharmacotherapy. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13 (Suppl 8):S198–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Thompson S, Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Lanctot KL. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for treatment of depression in Alzheimer’s disease: a metaanalysis. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:248–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Buhr GT, White HK. Difficult Behaviors in Long-term Care Patients With Dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2006;7:180–192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Herrmann N, Lanctot KL. Pharmacologic Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer Disease. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52:630–646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K. Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia: A Review of the Evidence. JAMA. 2005;293:596–608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Caballero J, Hitchcock M, Beversdorf D, Scharre D, Nahata M. Long-term effects of antidepressants on cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31:593–598. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Lyketsos CG, DelCampo L, Steinberg M, et al. Treating Depression in Alzheimer Disease: Efficacy and Safety of Sertraline Therapy, and the Benefits of Depression Reduction: The DIADS. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:737–746. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Starkstein SE, Mizrahi R. Depression in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006;6:887–895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Cooper JP. Buspirone for anxiety and agitation in dementia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003;28:469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Rabins PV, Blacker D, Rovner BW, et al. American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias. Second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:5–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Garcia-Alloza M, Gil-Bea FJ, Diez-Ariza M, et al. Cholinergic-serotonergic imbalance contributes to cognitive and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43:442–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD005593. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Mowla A, Mosavinasab M, Haghshenas H, Haghighi AB. Does serotonin augmentation have any effect on cognition and activities of daily living in Alzheimer’s dementia? A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:484–487. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Franco KN, Messinger-Rapport B. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7:201–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Sival RC, Haffmans PM, Jansen PA, Duursma SA, Eikelenboom P. Sodium valproate in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients with dementia--a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:579–585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Sajatovic M, Ramsay E, Nanry K, Thompson T. Lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder or dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:945–950. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Maidment ID, Fox CG, Boustani M, Rodriguez J, Brown RC, Katona CL. Efficacy of memantine on behavioral and psychological symptoms related to dementia: a systematic meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42:32–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Alexopoulos GS, Jeste DV, Chung H, Carpenter D, Ross R, Docherty JP. The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of dementia and its behavioral disturbances. Introduction: methods, commentary, and summary. Postgrad Med. 2005;(Spec No 6–22) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Woods B. INVITED COMMENTARY ON: Non-pharmacological interventions in dementia. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2004;10:178–179. [Google Scholar]

45. Finnema E, Droes R-M, Ribbe M, Van Tilburg W. The effects of emotion-oriented approaches in the care for persons suffering from dementia: a review of the literature. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000;15:141–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Moos I, Bjorn A. Use of the life story in the institutional care of people with dementia: A review of intervention studies. Ageing and Society. 2006;26:43–454. [Google Scholar]

47. Neal M, Briggs M. Validation therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD001394. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Peak JS, Cheston RI. Using simulated presence therapy with people with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2002;6:77–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Baldelli MV, Pirani A, Motta M, Abati E, Mariani E, Manzi V. Effects of reality orientation therapy on elderly patients in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 1993;17:211–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Browne CJ, Shlosberg E. Attachment theory, ageing and dementia: A review of the literature. Aging & Mental Health. 2006;10:134–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Chin AMH. Clinical Effects of Reminiscence Therapy in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2007;17:10–22. [Google Scholar]

52. Douglas S, James I, Ballard C. Non-pharmacological interventions in dementia. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2004;10:171–177. [Google Scholar]

53. Kasl-Godley J, Gatz M. Psychosocial interventions for individuals with dementia: an integration of theory, therapy, and a clinical understanding of dementia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20:755–782. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Livingston G, Johnston K, Katona C, Paton J, Lyketsos CG Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry. Systematic Review of Psychological Approaches to the Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1996–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Schrijnemaekers V, van Rossum E, Candel M, et al. Effects of emotion-oriented care on elderly people with cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:926–937. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Zeiss AM, Lewinsohn PM. Adapting behavioral treatment for depression to meet the needs of the elderly. Clinical Psychologist. 1986;39:98–100. [Google Scholar]

57. Logsdon RG, Teri L. The Pleasant Events Schedule-AD: psychometric properties and relationship to depression and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Gerontologist. 1997;37:40–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise Plus Behavioral Management in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2015–2022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Lichtenberg PA, Kemp-Havican J, MacNeill SE, Schafer Johnson A. Pilot Study of Behavioral Treatment in Dementia Care Units. Gerontologist. 2005;45:406–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Teri L, Gallagher-Thompson D. Cognitive-behavioral interventions for treatment of depression in Alzheimer’s patients. Gerontologist. 1991;31:413–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry SM. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: A controlled clinical trial. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. 1997:52B. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Koder DA. Treatment of anxiety in the cognitively impaired elderly: can cognitive-behavior therapy help? Int Psychogeriatr. 1998;10:173–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. D’Zurilla TJ, Nezu AM. Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. 2. New York: Springer; 1999. [Google Scholar]

64. Alexopoulos GS, Raue P, Arean P. Problem-Solving Therapy Versus Supportive Therapy in Geriatric Major Depression With Executive Dysfunction. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;11:46–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Mackin RS, Areán P, Elite-Marcandonatou A. Problem solving therapy for the treatment of depression for a patient with Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a case study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2006;2:375–379. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Snow AL, Powers D, Liles D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for long-term care patients with dementia. In: Lee Hyer RCI, editor. Geropsychological Interventions in Long-Term Care. New York, NY: Springer; 2006. pp. 265–294. [Google Scholar]

67. Stanley M, McNeese T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Treating Anxiety in People With Dementia. Michael Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center: National Institutes of Mental Health; 2008. [Google Scholar]

68. D’Ath P, Katona P, Mullan E, Evans S, Katona C. Screening, Detection and Management of Depression in Elderly Primary Care Attenders. I: The Acceptability and Performance of the 15 Item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS15) and the Development of Short Versions. Fam Pract. 1994;11:260–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Kiosses DN. Effectiveness of Problem Solving Therapy in Treating Depressed, Cognitively Impaired Older Adults; Weill Medical College of Cornell University: NIMH; April 2006--August 2011. [Google Scholar]

70. Rusted J, Sheppard L, Waller D. A Multi-centre Randomized Control Group Trial on the Use of Art Therapy for Older People with Dementia. Group Analysis. 2006;39:517–536. [Google Scholar]

71. Grasel E, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J. Non-drug therapies for dementia: an overview of the current situation with regard to proof of effectiveness. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;15:115–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Killick J, Allan K. The arts in dementia care: tapping a rich resource. Journal of Dementia Care. 1999;7:35–38. [Google Scholar]

73. Lord TR, Garner JE. Effects of music on Alzheimer patients. Percept Mot Skills. 1993;76:451–455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Holmes C, Knights A, Dean C, Hodkinson S, Hopkins V. Keep music live: music and the alleviation of apathy in dementia subjects. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18:623–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Sherratt K, Thornton A, Hatton C. Music interventions for people with dementia: a review of the literature. Aging and Mental Health. 2004;8:3–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Gerdner LA. Music, Art, and Recreational Therapies in the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. International Psychogeriatrics. 2005;12:359–366. [Google Scholar]

77. Sung H, Chang AM. Use of preferred music to decrease agitated behaviours in older people with dementia: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2005;14:1133–1140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Irish M, Cunningham CJ, Walsh JB, et al. Investigating the enhancing effect of music on autobiographical memory in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:108–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Svansdottir HB, Snaedal J. Music therapy in moderate and severe dementia of Alzheimer’s type: a case-control study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18:613–621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Garland K, Beer E, Eppingstall B, O’Connor DW. A comparison of two treatments of agitated behavior in nursing home residents with dementia: simulated family presence and preferred music. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:514–521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Ziv N, Granot A, Hai S, Dassa A, Haimov I. The effect of background stimulative music on behavior in Alzheimer’s patients. J Music Ther. 2007;44:329–343. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Burns A, Byrne J, Ballard C, Holmes C. Sensory stimulation in dementia: An effective option for managing behavioural problems. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2002;325:1312. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Ballard CG, O’Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:553–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Lee EA, Song E, Kim M, Lee M, Kim T. P4-413: The evidence-based alternative therapeutic intervention for dementia patients. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2006;2:S639. [Google Scholar]

85. Lin PW, Chan WC, Ng BF, Lam LC. Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviours in Chinese older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:405–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Richeson NE. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. 2003;18:353–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Sellers DM. The Evaluation of an Animal Assisted Therapy Intervention for Elders with Dementia in Long-Term Care. Activities, Adaptation and Aging. 2006;30:61–78. [Google Scholar]

88. Motomura N, Yagi T, Ohyama H. Animal assisted therapy for people with dementia. Psychogeriatrics. 2004;4:40–42. [Google Scholar]

89. Tribet J, Boucharlat M, Myslinski M. [Animal-assisted therapy for people suffering from severe dementia] Encephale. 2008;34:183–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Filan SL, Llewellyn-Jones RH. Animal-assisted therapy for dementia: a review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18:597–611. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Eggermont LHP, Scherder EJA. Physical activity and behaviour in dementia: A review of the literature and implications for psychosocial intervention in primary care. Dementia. 2006;5:411–428. [Google Scholar]

92. Williams CL, Tappen RM. Effect of Exercise on Mood in Nursing Home Residents With Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. 2007;22:389–397. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Rolland Y, Pillard F, Klapouszczak A, et al. Exercise program for nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease: a 1-year randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:158–165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Viggo Hansen N, Jorgensen T, Ortenblad L. Massage and touch for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD004989. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Cohen-Mansfield J. Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Inappropriate Behaviors in Dementia: A Review, Summary, and Critique. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;9:361–381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Verkaik R, van Weert JCM, Francke AL. Some psychosocial therapies may reduce depression, aggression, or apathy in people with dementia. Evid Based Ment Health. 2005;8:104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Staal JA, Sacks A, Matheis R, et al. The effects of Snoezelen (multi-sensory behavior therapy) and psychiatric care on agitation, apathy, and activities of daily living in dementia patients on a short term geriatric psychiatric inpatient unit. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007;37:357–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Chung JCC, Lai CKY. Snoezelen for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002;4:CD003152. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]