1 The experiment involving newborn goslings, who have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched, was developed by what developmental researcher?a) Ainsworthb) Skinnerc) Bowlby d) Lorenz 2 In Harry Harlow’s experiment with infant monkeys, what was he trying to study?a) responses of monkeys to other animals in their cagesb) socialization of monkeysc) if/how attachment is developed in monkeys d) how infant monkeys are different from human infants c) if/how attachment is developed in monkeys 3 Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:A) provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment.B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.C) whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants. D) attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting. B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. 4 12. In Harry Harlow’s experiments, infant monkeys (E) their biological mothers (B) the “mother” who had provided contact 5 Which developmental researcher conducted experiments with infant monkeys to determine if/how they developed attachments? a) Harlowb) Ainsworthc) Bowlby d) Erikson 6 Who was the developmental researcher who produced the earliest work on human attachment? a) Harlowb) Bowlbyc) Ainsworth d) Erikson 7 Developmental researcher John Bowlby proposed that all of the following are true EXCEPT a) the infant bonds with the father as its protector.b) the infant’s views are based on primary needs for safety and security.c) the infant is genetically predetermined and motivated to avoid predators.d) the infant comes to learn that his/her safety is best provided by one person, who is typically the mother. a) the infant bonds with the father as its protector. 8 What is the term for a sequence of staged episodes that illustrates the strength of attachment between child and (typically) his/her mother? a) secure attachment patternb) Harlow experimentc) Ainsworth Strange Situation d) Bowlby caregiver theory c) Ainsworth Strange Situation 9 Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considersa) how a grown-up can maintain memories from when he/she was an infant that affect life as an adult.b) how an infant develops trust or mistrust of others.c) how children develop independence from their parents. d) how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’, and their own, behavior(s). d) how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’, 10 In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follows her wherever she goes because she was the first object they saw after they were born. This is an example of:A) conservation.B) imprinting.C) egocentrism. D) basic trust. 11 The Strange Situation was designed by Mary Ainsworth to A) measure the amount of playful experiences between a child and mother. B) research brain development. C) create models for good parenting. D) research the quality of the relationship between child and caregiver. D) research the quality of the relationship between child and caregiver. 12 The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to: A) crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side. B) move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger. C) experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present. D) choose between his or her mother and his or her father in a strange situation. B) move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger. 13 What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?a) parentb) caregiverc) attachment d) reliance 14 When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a “home base,” and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset whenshe leaves, and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns, this is calleda) Bowlby’s ambivalent pattern.b) Ainsworth’s safety and security pattern.c) a secure attachment pattern. d) a strange situation pattern. c) a secure attachment pattern. 15 Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being _____. A. securely attached B. insecure avoidant C. insecure resistant D. insecure disorganized 16 A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she leaves the room, does not look distressed, is exhibiting a(n)a) avoidant attachment pattern.b) secure attachment pattern.c) Ainsworth Strange Situation. d) anxious situation pattern. a) avoidant attachment pattern. 17 Which attachment pattern describes a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers? They show greatdistress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.a) ambivalent attachment patternb) avoidant attachment patternc) secure attachment pattern d) disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern a) ambivalent attachment pattern 18 Children who show the _____________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returnsbut not looking at her.a) ambivalentb) disorganized-disorientedc) avoidant d) secure b) disorganized-disoriented 19 What is the term for the caution and wariness that is displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person?a) fearb) suspicionc) stranger anxiety d) distress 20 Baby Polly is usually a calm, happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When her parents took her to a family reunion, however, her behavior changed.Her face crinkled up in a frown and she stared at stranger with suspicion. Baby Polly wasdemonstrating an example ofa) distress.b) nonverbal encoding.c) stranger anxiety. d) emotion. 21 Separation anxiety begins to occur when a child is 3 years old. True or False 22 Stranger anxiety develops soon after:A) the concept of conservation.B) egocentrism.C) a theory of mind. D) the concept of object permanence. D) the concept of object permanence. 23 At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?a) 12 monthsb) 6 monthsc) 18 months d) 8 or 9 months 24 Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother andnotices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile, too. This is an example ofa) infant sociability.b) social referencing.c) nonverbal encoding. d) social smile. 25 Carolyn tripped on the carpet and fell. Whenshe got up, she looked at her mother, who waslaughing, and she laughed, too. This is anexample of(A) empathy(B) sympathy(C) social referencing(D) display rules (E) semantics 26 Social referencing involves: A) "reading" emotional cues in others. B) helping infants to interpret ambiguous situations more accurately. C) becoming more defined in the second year of life. D) all the above 27 What is the term that refers to the knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior? a) learning theory b) social referencing c) theory of mind d) self-awareness 28 What factor is NOT involved in the emergence of the theory of mind?a) increased reading abilityb) brain maturationc) increase myelination of the frontal lobes of the brain d) hormonal changes a) increased reading ability 29 The ____________ demonstrates the limits to a three-year-old child’s theory ofmind.a) learning theoryb) social referencingc) false belief task d) self-awareness concept 30 The ability to genuinely experience the emotions of others, known as ________, developsin middle childhood.a) empathyb) self-regulationc) sympathy d) social awareness 31 The second phase of childhood, called middle childhood, lasts between the ages of:a) 2 and 3.b) 4 and 6.c) 6 and 11. d)11 and 13. 32 Girls’ higher rates of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping witha) sex.b) anger.c) stress. d) empathy. 33 In middle childhood…• Control of emotions grow• Better understanding of emotions aids inemotional highs and lows• Ability to hide emotions increases• Empathy expands as children becomemore adept at genuinely experiencing the emotions of others In middle childhood…• Control of emotions grow• Better understanding of emotions aids inemotional highs and lows• Ability to hide emotions increases• Empathy expands as children becomemore adept at genuinely experiencing the emotions of others 34 Emotional Development inAdolescentBeyond the “storm and stress”•Emotions tend to be among the mostvolatile during early adolescence•Emotions are more negative and moreextreme than they were in middle childhood•Emotional response more transient and apt to be more quickly replaced Emotional Development inAdolescentBeyond the “storm and stress”•Emotions tend to be among the mostvolatile during early adolescence•Emotions are more negative and moreextreme than they were in middle childhood•Emotional response more transient and apt to be more quickly replaced 35 The rate of adolescent suicide in the U.S. has _____ in the last 30 years.a) doubledb) tripledc) quadrupled d) remained the same 36 What is the role of the amygdala in emotions? The central experience of emotions. 37 The __________, located in the brain’s temporal lobes, is central to the experience of emotions and provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulusand a later memory of that stimulus.a) hippocampusb) amygdalac) prefrontal cortex d) lateral cortex 38 Trying to think differently about a situation you’ve encountered to make it feel lesstroubling is a strategy used ina) emotional preservation.b) behavioral self-examination.c) reverse psychology. d) emotional self-regulation. d) emotional self-regulation. 39 Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescentgirls?a) Boys attempt suicide more frequently than girls.b) Boys encounter more serious episodes of major depression than girls.c) Boys experience more social stigma for attempting suicide than girls. d) Boys tend to use more violent means, like guns, to attempt suicide. b) Boys encounter more serious episodes of major depression than girls. 40 Adolescent boys report experiencing depression at approximately the same level as girls. True or False 41 What are the 5 top concerns reported by individuals calling a helpline?
42 What are the steps someone can take to help prevent suicide?
43 People with a high subjective well-being do not experience which of the following? a. Many positive emotionsb. Many negative emotionsc. A tendency to be involved in interesting activities d. Satisfaction with their lives b. Many negative emotions 44 Sense of subjective well-being orgeneral happiness remains stable over life span. Most people have a general “set point” Sense of subjective well-being orgeneral happiness remains stable over lifespan. Most people have a general “set point” for happiness 45 Happiest memories = psychologicalneeds rather than material needs satisfied Unhappiest memories = basic psychological needs left unfulfilled Happiest memories = psychologicalneeds rather than material needs satisfied Unhappiest memories = basic psychological needs left unfulfilled 46 Neither disengagement theory nor activity theory provides a complete picture of True or False 47 _______________ theory suggests that happiness in late adulthood involves a gradualwithdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.a) Stabilityb) Independencec) Disengagement d) Self-fulfillment 48 Final Happiness Correlates Physical and mental health Financial security Sense of autonomy,independence, and personal control over one's life Final Happiness Correlates Physical and mental health Financial security Sense of autonomy,independence, and personal control over one's life 49 Personalities the sum of total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another. Personalities the sum of total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another. 50 When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer tothe overall amount of movement demonstrated by a child?a) rhythmicityb) intensity of reactionc) distractibility d) activity level 51 Baby Manuel fusses a great deal and is easily upset. He has a high level ofa) rhythmicity.b) irritability.c) difficulty. d) adaptability. 52 When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer tothe overall amount of movement demonstrated by a child?a) rhythmicityb) intensity of reactionc) distractibility d) activity level 53 All of the following are dimensions of temperament in babies EXCEPTa) how well attached the baby is to its mother.b) the baby’s activity level.c) the quality of the baby’s mood (ex. pleasant or irritable). d) the child’s level of irritability. a) how well attached the baby is to its mother. 54 What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, showingrelatively calm reactions to their environment, with moods that are generally negative?They withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly.a) difficult babiesb) distractible babiesc) slow-to-warm babies d) limited-response babies 55 What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have apositive disposition, whose body functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?a) difficult babiesb) easy babiesc) slow-to-warm babies d) low intensity babies 56 What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negativemoods and are slow to adapt to new situations? When confronted with a new situation,they tend to withdraw.a) slow-to-warm babiesb) easy babiesc) difficult babies d) low intensity babies 57 According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants inthe New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be“difficult babies”?a) 20%b) 10%c) 30% d) 5% 58 According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants inthe New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “easybabies”?a) 40%b) 50%c) 25% d) 35% 59 According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “slowto-warm babies”?a) 10%b) 25%c) 15% d) 5% 60 According to Thomas and Chess, who carried out a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “inconsistently categorized babies”?a) 10%b) 35%c) 15% d) 5% 61 Quality of mood a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. c) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new food 62 Distractibility a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. d) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked. 63 Threshold of responsiveness a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. 64 Rhythmicity a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule 65 Approach-withdrawal a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. b) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes near 66 Activity Level a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dressesb) Approach orientation: accepts novel food and toys easily//Withdrawal orientation: cries when a stranger comes nearc) Negative: cries when carriage is rocked//Positive: smiles or smacks lips when tasting new foodd) Low: continues crying even after diaper is change//High: stops fussing when held and rocked.e) E) Regular: has constant feeding schedule //Irregular: has varying sleep and waking schedule f) High: not startle by sudden noise or bright lights //Low: pauses sucking on bottle at approach of parent or slight noise. a) High: wriggles while in diaper//Low: lies still while being dresses 67 Eriksons Stages Initiative v Guilt a. infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleepingb. 1-3 toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking c. 3-6 preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play d. 6-11 schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighborhood / achievement and accomplishment c. 3-6 preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play 68 Eriksons Stages Industry v Inferiority a. infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleepingb. 1-3 toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking c. 3-6 preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play d. 6-11 schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighborhood / achievement and accomplishment d. 6-11 schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighborhood / achievement and accomplishment 69 Eriksons Stages Autonomy v Shame a. infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleepingb. 1-3 toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking c. 3-6 preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play d. 6-11 schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighborhood / achievement and accomplishment b. 1-3 toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking 70 Eriksons Stages Trust v Mistrust a. infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleepingb. 1-3 toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking c. 3-6 preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play d. 6-11 schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighborhood / achievement and accomplishment a. infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping 71 Eriksons Stages Intimacy v Isolation a. 11-22 adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-upb. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life c. 40-65 mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing d. 65+ late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievement b. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life 72 Eriksons Stages Integrity v Despair a. 11-22 adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-upb. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life c. 40-65 mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing d. 65+ late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievement d. 65+ late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievement 73 Eriksons Stages Generativity v Stagnation a. 11-22 adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-upb. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life c. 40-65 mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing d. 65+ late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievement c. 40-65 mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing 74 Eriksons Stages Identity v Role Confusion a. 11-22 adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-upb. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life c. 40-65 mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing d. 65+ late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievement b. 22-40 young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life 75 Erik Erikson characterized midlife as a period ofa) ego-integrity-versus-despair.b) generativity-versus-stagnation.c) rigidity. d) identify crisis. b) generativity-versus-stagnation. 76 According to Levinson, ___________ is the period of assessment that middle-aged people 40–45 go through that may lead to a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite.a) midlife crisisb) midlife transitionc) the generativity-versus-stagnation stage d) the normative-crisis model 77 Most research has not found support for Levinson’s theory that adults in their forties experience a ______________, a stage of uncertainty and indecision as they realize thattheir time on earth is finite.a) course correctionb) reality checkc) midlife crisis d) countdown period 78 Midlife CrisisStage of uncertainty and indecision broughtabout by realization that life is finite• Gender differences• Despite widespread acceptance, evidence formidlife crisis does not exist– For majority of people, transition is smooth andrewarding– Many middle-aged people find their careers haveblossomed – They feel younger than they actually are Midlife CrisisStage of uncertainty and indecision broughtabout by realization that life is finite• Gender differences• Despite widespread acceptance, evidence formidlife crisis does not exist– For majority of people, transition is smooth andrewarding– Many middle-aged people find their careers haveblossomed – They feel younger than they actually are 79 •Five broad trait factors (OCEAN or CANOE) thatdescribe basic personality– O = openness– C = conscientiousness– E = Extraversion– A = agreeableness – N = neuroticism •Five broad trait factors (OCEAN or CANOE) thatdescribe basic personality– O = openness– C = conscientiousness– E = Extraversion– A = agreeableness – N = neuroticism 80 What is the term that relates to one’s sense of being male or female?a) social perceptionsb) genderc) sex d) gender roles 81 Research suggests that by ___ years of age, boys behave more independently andless compliantly than girls.a) 5b) 6c) 2 d) 3 typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior 83 Gender, the sense of being male or female, is well established by the time childrenarea) adolescent age.b) around 8-years-old.c) infants. d) preschool age. 84 What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?a) sexual identityb) individualistic orientationc) gender schema d) gender identity begins around 3 or 4 years of age begins around 5 to 7 years of age•the realization that gender is invariant in spite of superficial changes in appearance or activitiesThen, children look for same-sex models and information on how to behave according to gender 87 Some biologically oriented developmentalists, using ______________ theory, believethat gender roles developed because forceful males and nurturing females were morelikely to find partners, have offspring, and pass on these traits to their babies.a) developmentalb) evolutionaryc) creationist d) anthropological 88 At approximately what age do boys and girls understand the concept of gender constancy?a) 4 or 5 years of ageb) 3 years of agec) 8 years of age d) 2 years of age 89 By age 1– Able to distinguish between males and females– Girls prefer to play with dolls or stuffed animals, while boys seek out blocks and trucks By age 1– Able to distinguish between males and females– Girls prefer to play with dolls or stuffed animals, while boys seek out blocks and trucks 90 May be reinforced by parental choices or by hormonal levels• Expectations about gender-appropriate behavior are evenmore gender-stereotyped than those of adults and may beless flexible during the preschool years than at any other point in the life span May be reinforced by parental choices or by hormonal levels• Expectations about gender-appropriate behavior are evenmore gender-stereotyped than those of adults and may beless flexible during the preschool years than at any other point in the life span 91 All cultures prescribe gender roles for males and females These roles differ greatly between cultures Considerable amount of disagreement over extent and causes of gender differences Differences between male and female infants, are generally minor All cultures prescribe gender roles for males and females These roles differ greatly between cultures Considerable amount of disagreement over extent and causes of gender differences Differences between male and female infants, are generally minor 92 Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of________ prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors.a) testosteroneb) estrogenc) androgens d) toxins 93 One possible biological explanation of gender differences is that the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, called the ______________, is proportionallylarger in females than in males.a) corpus callosumb) myelin cordc) cerebral cortex d) neuronal knot 94 Parents frequently assign different chores to boys and girls.– Boys: tasks performed outside the home that involve tools and machines– Girls: tasks inside the home, particularly helping to care for younger siblings Parents frequently assign different chores to boys and girls.– Boys: tasks performed outside the home that involve tools and machines– Girls: tasks inside the home, particularly helping to care for younger siblings 95 Conversations between parents and children– Parents often convey messages about gender through genderessentialiststatements.– Parents more likely to offer explanations to boys about what they were observing than they were to girls.– Fathers used more instructional talk with sons than with daughter.– Parents and other adults are more likely to comment on girls’ physical appearance and attire than on boys’. Conversations between parents and children– Parents often convey messages about gender through genderessentialiststatements.– Parents more likely to offer explanations to boys about what they were observing than they were to girls.– Fathers used more instructional talk with sons than with daughter.– Parents and other adults are more likely to comment on girls’ physical appearance and attire than on boys’. 96 Because gender relate to the sense of becoming male or female and sex refers to the physical characteristics that differentiate males and females. see children as learning gender related behavior and expectations by observing others/ 98 According to ______________ approaches to gender development, boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others, including neighbors, friends, and characters in books and other media.a) cognitiveb) psychoanalyticc) social learning d) biological in the view of some theorist , one aspect of the desire to form a clear sense of identity. 100 Early Maturation Males • More successful at athletics, more popular; higher self esteem• More likely to have school difficulties, experience delinquency, abuse substances Early Maturation Males • More successful at athletics, more popular; higher self esteem• More likely to have school difficulties, experience delinquency, abuse substances 101 Early Maturation Females • Uncomfortable with body; some ridiculed by peers• Not always mature enough for serious dating Early Maturation Females • Uncomfortable with body; some ridiculed by peers• Not always mature enough for serious dating 102 Late Maturation Males• Tend to be viewed as less attractive; social life may be affected; lower selfesteem • As adults may possess assertiveness and insightfulness; more creatively playful Late Maturation Males• Tend to be viewed as less attractive; social life may be affected; lower selfesteem • As adults may possess assertiveness and insightfulness; more creatively playful 103 Late Maturation •Overlooked in dating; low social status• By 10th grade body acceptance higher than early maturers and more likely to fit “thin is best” standard Late Maturation •Overlooked in dating; low social status• By 10th grade body acceptance higher than early maturers and more likely to fit “thin is best” standard 104 Which of the following is the LEAST likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation?a) tenth grade late-maturing girlsb) late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peersc) late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers but havequalities such as assertiveness, insightfulness, creativity d) eighth grade early-maturing girls a) tenth grade late-maturing girls 105 The noticeable bodily changes that accompany puberty are more often a source of______________ for teenage girls than for teenage boys.a) prideb) embarrassmentc) fear d) happiness 106 The term masturbation refers toa) sexual self-stimulation.b) abstinence from sexual stimulation.c) changes in sexual organs due to puberty. d) changes in sexual thoughts due to puberty. a) sexual self-stimulation. 107 Masturbation –Typically first type of sex– Gender and subculture differences– Continued for majority of people after marriage – Viewed as normal/harmless by experts on sexual behavior Masturbation –Typically first type of sex– Gender and subculture differences– Continued for majority of people after marriage – Viewed as normal/harmless by experts on sexual behavior 108 Sexual intercourse –1 in 5 teens have had sex before the age of 15–80% have had sex before the age of 20 –Numbers postponing sex is rising Sexual intercourse –1 in 5 teens have had sex before the age of 15–80% have had sex before the age of 20 –Numbers postponing sex is rising 109 United States?a) reduced socioeconomic disparities among minority groupsb) decrease in the age of marriagec) the growing popularity of virginity pledges d) the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception d) the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception 110 The component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex,physical closeness, and romance is calleda) companionate love.b) the intimacy component.c) passionate (or romantic) love. d) the passion component. d) the passion component. 111 According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, the components of love include all ofthe following EXCEPT a(n)a) passion component that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance.b) intimacy component that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness.c) companionate love in which strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved. d) decision/commitment component that embodies both the initial recognition that one loves another, as well as the long-term determination to maintain that love. c) companionate love in which strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved. 112 According to Robert Sternberg, when two people have a “fling” or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction, this is calleda) nonlove.b) infatuated love.c) liking. d) empty love. 113 According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are living in an arrangedmarriage or a couple has decided to stay together “for the sake of the children,” this iscalleda) nonlove.b) fatuous love.c) liking. d) empty love. 114 According to Robert Sternberg, infatuated love develops when only _________ ispresent.a) passionb) intimacyc) loyalty d) similarity 115 According to Robert Sternberg, empty love develops when only _________ ispresent.a) intimacyb) decision/commitmentc) loyalty d) similarity 116 Jerome and Alice have been married for 15 years, and their marriage is strained with bickering and unhappiness. Still, they are not considering a divorce because theyhave an 8-year-old son whom they both love deeply. Psychologist Robert Sternbergwould call their relationshipa) companionate love.b) empty love.c) fatuous love. d) nonlove. 117 According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are happily dating one another but not making future plans, this is calleda) romantic love.b) fatuous love.c) companionate love. d) infatuated love. 118 The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and religion is referred to as which of the following?a) marriage gradientb) homogamyc) cross-cultural factor d) gender replication 119 More women than men regard cohabitation asa) a test of the relationship.b) an alternative to marriage.c) a way to enjoy regular sex. d) a step toward marriage. d) a step toward marriage. 120 What Makes Marriage Work?Successful married partners:• Show affection• Communicate relatively little negativity• Perceive themselves as interdependent• Experience social homogamy, similarity inleisure activity. and role preferences• Hold similar interest • Agree on distribution of roles What Makes Marriage Work?Successful married partners:• Show affection• Communicate relatively little negativity• Perceive themselves as interdependent• Experience social homogamy, similarity inleisure activity. and role preferences• Hold similar interest • Agree on distribution of roles 121 Which of the following is one of these reasons that the midlife divorce rate has beenrising?a) U.S. books and movies romanticizing the divorce experienceb) divorce increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happinessc) negative impact of children on marital satisfaction d) increase of romantic love over b) divorce increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happiness 122 Jorge has been taught to marry a woman who is younger, smaller, and lower in status. This is referred to as thea) marriage gradient.b) social norm.c) social mores. d) societal bias. 123 Theory of Mind •Related to– Brain maturation– Hormonal changes– Developing language– Opportunities for social interaction and pretend play– Cultural background•Contribute to– increasingly see the world from others' perspectives understandthat others have emotions– imagine something that is not physically present pretend that something has happened and react as if it really had occurred Theory of Mind •Related to– Brain maturation– Hormonal changes– Developing language– Opportunities for social interaction and pretend play– Cultural background•Contribute to– increasingly see the world from others' perspectives understandthat others have emotions– imagine something that is not physically present pretend that something has happened and react as if it really had occurred 124 Reference groups •a group of people with whom one comparesoneself.•present a set of norms or standards, against which adolescents judge their social success Reference groups •a group of people with whom one comparesoneself.•present a set of norms or standards, against which adolescents judge their social success 125 Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are calleda) associates.b) cohorts.c) reference groups. d) social reference. 126 Groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another are calleda) peers.b) cliques.c) reference groups. d) cohorts. 127 Larger groups that are composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another are calleda) cliques.b) crowds.c) peers. d) cohorts. 128 Race Segregation: The Great Divide ofAdolescence•Adolescents of different ethnicities andraces interact very little •Decline begins in elementary school Race Segregation: The Great Divide ofAdolescence•Adolescents of different ethnicities andraces interact very little •Decline begins in elementary school 129 A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews is known asa) autonomy.b) maturity.c) conscience. d) generation gap. 130 ______________ adolescents are liked by some of their peers and disliked by others.a) Controversialb) Conflictedc) Neglected d) Deferential 131 Popular adolescents generally possess __________, which would make them good diplomats.a) controversial opinionsb) a sense of determinationc) high emotional intelligence d) ambitions for the future c) high emotional intelligence 132 Benjamin sits in the back of the room, and very few of the children in class even know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A. Popular B. Neglected C. Rejected D. Controversial 133 Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully", and many say that they "don't like her at all". Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status? A. Popular B. Neglected C. Rejected D. Controversial 134 _____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. A. Rejected B. Controversial C. Average D. Popular 135 _____ children are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked. A. Controversial B. Average C. Neglected D. Rejected 136 Friendship in Adulthood • Maintaining friendships is an important part of adult life,filling a basic need for belongingness.• How do people become our friends?• Proximity – live nearby, work with us.• Similarity – hold similar attitudes and values.• Most adults have same-race friends.• We also choose friends based on personal qualities.• Keep confidences• Loyal• Warm• Affectionate• Supportive • Good sense of humor Friendship in Adulthood • Maintaining friendships is an important part of adult life,filling a basic need for belongingness.• How do people become our friends?• Proximity – live nearby, work with us.• Similarity – hold similar attitudes and values.• Most adults have same-race friends.• We also choose friends based on personal qualities.• Keep confidences• Loyal• Warm• Affectionate• Supportive • Good sense of humor 137 Recent research suggests that: A. cohabiting before marriage increases marital satisfaction. B. cohabiting before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce. C. cohabiting couples have less difficulty owning property jointly. D. cohabiting couples face less disapproval from parents and other family members. B. cohabiting before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce. 138 Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults? A. Women are more likely than men to remarry, thus removing themselves from the pool of divorced older adults. B. Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults. C. The majority of divorced older adults are men, due to their greater longevity. D. Divorce is far less common among younger adults than older adults B. Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults. 139 Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types ofpsychological maladjustment for a period that may last froma) 1 to 2 years.b) 3 months to 3 years.c) 6 months to 2 years. d) 1 to 3 years. 140 Following a divorce, a child may exhibit all of the following EXCEPTa) sleep disturbance.b) depression.c) ADD/ADHD. d) anxiety. 141 After a divorce, children tend to feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father, and may experience a degree of divided loyalty by the age of ____ years.a) 5 to 6b) 10c) 4 d) 6 to 8 142 With regard to children of divorced parents, all of the following are true EXCEPTa) twice as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as children from intact families.b) 18 months to 2 years after the divorce, most children begin to return to their predivorce state of psychological adjustment.c) people who have experienced parental divorce are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves. d) most children of divorce who choose sides after the divorce never regain relationships with the both parents. d) most children of divorce who choose sides after the divorce never regain relationships with the both parents. 143 What percentage of children in the U.S. live in “blended families”?a) 17%b) 25%c) 50% d) 10% 144 By definition, a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called aa) multigenerational family.b) single-parent family.c) blended family. d) mixed family 145 Children living in blended families may be uncertain about their responsibilities and how to behave toward stepparents and step siblings. This is known asa) autonomy.b) role ambiguity.c) shared benefits. d) self-care. 146 True or False Adolescents are able to adjust better to living in a blended family than school-age children. 147 Close to ___________ of families with children are headed by single parents.a) one-tenthb) one-quarterc) one-third d) one-half 148 Family: The Connection of Generations • Connections with siblings, children, grandchildren,and even great-grandchildren continue and mayprovide an important source of comfort to adults inthe last years of their lives• Siblings provide strong emotional support duringlate adulthood• Child-parent bond sometimes asymmetrical asparents have greater developmental stake in close tie Family: The Connection of Generations • Connections with siblings, children, grandchildren,and even great-grandchildren continue and mayprovide an important source of comfort to adults inthe last years of their lives• Siblings provide strong emotional support duringlate adulthood• Child-parent bond sometimes asymmetrical asparents have greater developmental stake in close tie 149 True or False Census data reveals that the multigenerational household, which includes three or more generations, is the fastest-growing household arrangement in the U.S. and has 150 Which of the following statements about the empty nest syndrome is true?a) The departure of the last child often leads to major bouts of depression.b) Fathers experience deeper regrets about their departed children thanmothers.c) There are few positive effects of the departure of children. d) Feelings of sadness and distress are temporary and mild. d) Feelings of sadness and distress are temporary and mild. 151 Which term below refers to the experience that relates to parents’ feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children’s departurefrom home?a) midlife crisisb) normative crisis modelsc) empty nest syndrome d) life events models 152 The term helicopter parents refers to parents whoa) constantly intervene in their children’s lives.b) seek to escape any involvement with their grown children.c) only occasionally become involved in their children’s lives. d) refuse to let their children leave home or have a career. a) constantly intervene in their children’s lives. 153 Karen, aged 21, is a senior in college but her mother calls her five or six times a day to "check in" and to ask Karen what she is doing, what she had for lunch, and so on. This type of parenting has been called _____ parenting. A. pathological B. helicopter C. boomerang D. indulgent 154 Which of the following is NOT a reason why boomerang children return home tolive with middle-aged parents?a) breakup of a marriageb) economic reasonsc) lack of employment or underemployment d) middle-age parents miss their children d) middle-age parents miss their children 155 Identify the term that is applied to young adults who return to their parents' homes to live. Boomerang kids/Back-to-bedroom 156 Juanita is feeling stressed today because her children need help with their homework while her elderly parents need someone to take them grocery shopping.Juanita is a member of thea) empty nest generation.b) sandwich generation.c) midlife crisis generation. d) normative crisis generation. 157 Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because: B. people expect middle-aged adults to be both wise and mature as well as young and energetic. C. middle-aged adults are caught in a conflict between caring more for their spouse's parents than their own. D. middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents. D. middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents. 158 True or False Continuers use part-time or volunteer work to remain at least partially active in their pre-retirement work. 159 Which of Schlossberg’s identified six basic paths of retirement describes those who use retirement as a time to explore entirely new pursuits?a) easy glidersb) adventurersc) continuers d) distancers 160 Don’t fret about retirement much and take each day as it comes. a) Involved Spectators b) Searchersc) easy gliders d) Retreaters 161 Take more than of a back-seat role in staying connected with their previous field. a) Involved Spectators b) Searchersc) easy gliders d) Retreaters 162 Are tying different activities in search of a suitable way to spend their retirement. a) Involved Spectators b) Searchersc) easy gliders d) Retreaters 163 Becomes depressed and with drawn and stop searching for a meaningful pathway through retirement. a) Involved Spectators b) Searchersc) easy gliders d) Retreaters 164 Which of the following is a risk for children raised in poverty?a) poor academic performanceb) helicopter parentingc) greater number of employment opportunities d) increased influence of media a) poor academic performance 165 Women age 65 and over are almost twice as likely to __________ than men of the sameage.a) seek divorceb) live in povertyc) enjoy retirement d) take a new job 166 What percent of people age 65 and older live in poverty?a) 5%b) 10%c) 15% d) 20% 167 What percent of elderly women living alone are on an income below the povertyline?a) 10%b) 15%c) 20% d) 25% 168 Approximately what percent of divorced black women between 65 and 74 years of age live below the poverty level?a) 8%b) 20%c) 50% d) 75% 169 What statement is true regarding financial issues in late adulthood?a) Social inequities that various socioeconomic groups experience during their earlier lives become magnified with increasing age.b) Social inequities seem to level out in late adulthood.c) People who spend money early in their lives adopt a meager spending style. d) Cost of living does not have a profound effect in late adulthood. a) Social inequities that various socioeconomic groups experience during their earlier lives become magnified with increasing age. |
What is the term used to describe babies who have a positive disposition whose bodily functions operate regularly and who are adaptable?
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