Have you heard of this trick for
memorizing some of the subordinating conjunctions? Show
I hadn't heard of it until a friend told me about it recently. I'll show you how it works! But first, let's have a quick refresher on what subordinating conjunctions are. Psst! Be sure to download and print the free PDF below. It shows you how the memory trick works. What are subordinating conjunctions?Do you remember what clauses are? Clauses are groups of words that have both a subject and a verb. There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses are clauses that can stand alone as a complete thought. My mom smiled Do you see how my mom smiled is an independent clause? It has a subject (mom), it has a verb (smiled), and it can stand alone as a complete thought. Dependent clauses are clauses that can't stand alone as a complete thought. When I made dinner Do you see how when I made dinner is a dependent clause? It has a subject (I), it has a verb (made), and it can't stand alone as a complete thought. If you walked up to someone and said, "When I made dinner." They would probably follow up with a curious look and a question like, "What happened when you made dinner?" That's because when I made dinner is not a complete thought. So, what do we do with dependent clauses in order for them to make sense? We connect them to independent clauses! My mom smiled when I made dinner. My mom smiled = independent clause when I made dinner = dependent adverb clause when = subordinating conjunction Subordinating conjunctions are special kinds of words that join certain kinds of dependent clauses (dependent adverb clauses) to independent clauses. Note that they are also the words that subordinate the clause in the first place. The words I made dinner create an independent clause, but as soon as we tack on the when, it becomes a dependent clause. Crazy! Looking at this sentence diagram will help you understand what these conjunctions do. Notice how it connects the dependent adverb clause to the independent clause. You can learn more about diagramming subordinating conjunctions here. There are many words that can function as subordinating conjunctions. The Memory Trick: A WHITE BUSIt's time to check out A WHITE BUS! Remember that there are many subordinating conjunctions, and this mnemonic only helps you remember a handful of them. Here's my version along with nine sentences.
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A WHITE BUS Although WHenever If Though Even if Because Unless Since Although we arrived on time, the bus left without us. WHenever this kind of thing happens, it makes me so upset! If the bus company posts a schedule, they should stick to it. Though no one would call me punctual, we were there on time. Even if everyone was ready to go, they shouldn't have left early. Because we missed the bus, we might miss the game. Our coach will be upset unless we're there on time. Since this wasn't our fault, maybe he'll forgive us. WARNING: These Words Aren't Always Subordinating Conjunctions!Did you know that most words can function as multiple parts of speech? It's true, and these words are no exception. Some of the words in A WHITE BUS can function as adverbs or prepositions
as well as subordinating conjunctions. That's one reason that I have example sentences for all of them. In the example sentences, the words are all acting as subordinating conjunctions. Let's look at the word since for an example. Check out these two sentences. 1. I'll pack my swimsuit since the hotel has a pool. 2. Fred and Ginger have been dancing on the dance floor since last night. Do you know which since is a subordinating conjunction? In the first sentence, since is followed by a subject (hotel) and a verb (has). This tells us that it's introducing a clause. That's right, folks. Since is a subordinating conjunction in the first sentence. I'll pack my swimsuit since the hotel has a pool. I'll pack my swimsuit = independent clause since the hotel has a pool = dependent adverb clause since = subordinating conjunction In the second sentence, since isn't followed by a subject and verb. It's followed by the words last and night. This tips us off that it's not introducing a clause. In this sentence, since is a preposition. Fred and Ginger have been dancing on the dance floor since last night. since last night = prepositional phrase since = preposition Just remember that you can't find words from this list out in the wild and assume that they are subordinating conjunctions. You must use that powerful brain of yours to figure it out. Memorizing lists and examples can be helpful, but don't lose sight of our goal: understanding how words work together. A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. There are many conjunctions in the English language, but some common ones include and, or, but, because, for, if, and when. There are three basic types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Because the popstar caught a terrible cold, her upcoming performances in Boston and Chicago were indefinitely postponed. The tour organizers provided neither rescheduled dates nor refunds for the tickets, causing much discontent among the fans. Coordinating conjunctionsThis type of conjunction is used to connect items that are grammatically equal: two words, two phrases, or two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English, and you can remember them using the mnemonic device FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. A conjunction of this type is placed between the items that it links together. WordsCoordinating conjunctions can join two nouns, verbs, adjectives, or other types of word.
PhrasesThey can also join different types of phrases.
Independent clausesA clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand on its own as a full sentence, expressing a complete thought.
In the sentence above, the coordinating conjunction but creates a relationship between two independent clauses. Therefore, you place a comma before but. Notice that the two clauses also work as sentences on their own.
Punctuating coordinating conjunctionsWhen joining two words or phrases with a coordinating conjunction, do not use a comma.
In these examples, the conjunction joins two words or phrases that are connected to a single verb (gathered and studies), so you shouldn’t place a comma before and. When joining two independent clauses, however, use a comma before the conjunction.
In these examples, the clauses before and after the conjunction could both stand as full sentences on their own, so a comma is required. This type of conjunction includes words like because, if, although, since, until, and while. A subordinating conjunction is used to introduce a dependent clause. In contrast to an independent clause, a dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand as a complete sentence on its own. A dependent clause does not express a complete idea, so it must always be attached to an independent clause.
I woke up late this morning is an independent clause, but the subordinating conjunction because turns it into a dependent clause: Because I woke up late this morning does not finish a complete thought. It must be joined to an independent clause to form a grammatically correct sentence. The subordinating conjunction defines the relationship between the clauses. The table below shows some common subordinating conjunctions and the relationships they express, but note that this is not a complete list.
Punctuating subordinating conjunctionsWhen a subordinating conjunction follows an independent clause, a comma is often not necessary. In general, when the dependent clause contains essential information about the independent clause, don’t use a comma.
However, when the subordinating conjunction comes at the beginning of the sentence, use a comma at the end of the dependent clause.
Correlative conjunctionsThis type of conjunction always comes in a pair and is used to join grammatically equal elements in a sentence. Common pairs include either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also, and both … and. In most cases, no comma should be used between the two elements.
Correlative conjunctions must use parallel structure, which means the two elements should take the same grammatical form.
Starting a sentence with a conjunctionBeginner writers are often taught that sentences should not begin with a coordinating conjunction. However, it is not strictly incorrect to begin a sentence with a conjunction, and you may find it used effectively by skilled writers to create emphasis. Governments often seek to gain favor from voters by prioritising economic development over environmental sustainability. But at what cost to the planet and future generations? While such usage has become acceptable in popular and literary language, it is generally best avoided in academic writing where possible. A subordinating conjunction can come at the start of a sentence, but only if the dependent clause is followed by an independent clause. Until the company reaches a satisfactory agreement with the union, the workers will remain on strike. A dependent clause on its own is known as a sentence fragment. How long will the strike go on for? Until the company reaches a satisfactory agreement with the union. Although fragments are often used in speech and informal writing, they should generally be avoided in academic writing.
We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below. This Scribbr articleSources
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