Which of the following was not a common complaint against colonial rule in asia, africa, and india?

1. Papers and correspondence of John Cunningham, 1880–1968. Edinburgh University Library; 2004. p. E. 15. [Google Scholar]

2. Rupke N, editor. Vivisection in historical perspective. London: 1987. [Google Scholar]

3. Harrison B. Animals and the state in nineteenth-century England. English historical review. 1973;lxxxviii:786–820. [Google Scholar]

4. Lynch ME. Sacrifice and the transformation of the animal body into a scientific object: Laboratory culture and ritual practice in the neurosciences. Social studies of science. 1988;xviii:265–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Simon J. Monitoring the stable at the Pasteur Institute. Science in context. 2008;xxi:181–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Latour B. Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, MA, and London: 1988. [Google Scholar]

7. Ibid. p. 12. [Google Scholar]

8. Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology. Science, technology, & human values. 1993;xviii:362–78. For such a critique see Langdon Winner. [Google Scholar]

9. Willis M. Unmasking immortality: Popular opposition to laboratory science in late Victorian Britain. In: Clifford D, Wadge E, Warwick A, Willis M, editors. Repositioning Victorian sciences: Shifting centres in nineteenth-century thinking. London: 2006. pp. 207–18. [Google Scholar]

10. Turner J. Reckoning with the beast: Animals, pain, and humanity in the Victorian mind. Baltimore and London: 1980. [Google Scholar]

11. Franklin A. Animals and modern cultures: A sociology of human-animal relations in modernity. London: 1999. pp. 2–6. [Google Scholar]

12. Van Sittert L. Keeping the enemy at bay’: The extermination of wild carnivora in the Cape Colony, 1880–1910. Environmental history. 1998;iii:336–56. [Google Scholar]Rangarajan M. The Raj and the natural world: The war against ‘dangerous beasts’ in colonial India. Studies in history. 1998;xiv:265–99. [Google Scholar]

13. See Rangarajan The Raj and the natural world. ref. 12. [Google Scholar]Brown K. Tropical medicine and animal diseases: Onderstepoort and the development of veterinary science in South Africa 1908–1950. Journal of Southern African studies. 2005;xxxi:513–29. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Davis DK. Brutes, beasts and empire: Veterinary medicine and environmental policy in French North Africa and British India. Journal of historical geography. 2007;xxxiv:242–67. [Google Scholar]For a study of early nineteenth-century British attitudes towards Indian animals, see Sivasundaram S. Trading knowledge: The East India Company’s elephants in India and Britain. The historical journal. 2005;xlviii:27–63. [Google Scholar]

14. Arnold David. Colonizing the body: State medicine and epidemic disease in nineteenth-century India. Berkeley: 1993. [Google Scholar]

15. Mills JH. Body as target, violence as treatment: Psychiatric regimes in colonial and post-colonial India. In: Mills JH, Sen Satadru, editors. Confronting the body: The politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India. London: 2004. pp. 86–101.pp. 96 [Google Scholar]

16. Collingham EM. Imperial bodies: The physical experience of the Raj, c. 1800–1947. Cambridge: 2001. pp. 143–4. [Google Scholar]

17. Anderson C. Legible bodies: Race, criminality and colonialism in South Asia. Oxford: 2004. [Google Scholar]

18. John Stewart. Chloroform anæsthesia. The Canadian Medical Association journal. 1914;iv:1053–64. 1054. One scientist wrote about this difference about chloroform in the two cities in the 1850s as: “in Edinburgh chloroform was proverbially safe, in London notoriously dangerous”. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. The states of British India that were ruled by native princes before the Indian Independence Act of 1947.

20. Report of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. Bombay: 1891. p. 3. [Google Scholar]

21. The Hyderabad Commission on Chloroform. The lancet. 1889 Mar 2;:438. [Google Scholar]

22. Report of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. :6. ref. 20. [Google Scholar]

23. Lawrie E. The Hyderabad Chloroform Commission, Correspondence. The lancet. 1889 Sep 21;:601–2. [Google Scholar]

24. Report of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. :11. ref. 20. [Google Scholar]

25. The lancet. 1889 Dec 7;:1183. [Google Scholar]

26. Thomas KB. Chloroform: commissions and omissions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1974;lxvii:723–30. 726. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Masson AHB, Wilson J, Hovell BC. Edward Lawrie of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. British journal of anaesthetics. 1969;xli:1002–11. 1006. As quoted in. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Report of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. p. 25. ref. 20. [Google Scholar]To give a few examples, “Complete, or almost complete, asphyxia, as by forcibly closing the nose and mouth, smothering by holding the mouth and nose tightly closed, … smothering again while the animal was well under chloroform, smothering again when it was just about to come out of chloroform … [given chloroform again] … smothering again. These observations were accompanied by very violent struggling, and the smothering was consequently ineffective … smothering again … chloroform was then pushed until respiration ceased, and the animal died in spite of artificial respiration”, ibid., 19

29. The report of the second Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. The lancet. 1890 Jun 21;:1369. [Google Scholar]However, the findings of the Commission were ultimately rejected in London. In a short time physiologists had devised experiments that seemed to demonstrate errors in the Hyderabad methods, and the medical press asserted that human beings continued to die in England under chloroform from paralysis of the heart, and that ether was the better alternative. By the early twentieth century it was banned in most Western nations, “American Medical Association Committee on Anaesthesia” (1912). Some of the important Chloroform Committees and Commissions were: Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society (1864), The Glasgow Committee (1877), British Medical Association Anaesthetics Committee (1891), British Medical Association Special Chloroform Committee (1901), seeThomas KB. Chloroform: Commissions and omissions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1974;lxvii:723–30. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]In India until 1928, chloroform was the only anaesthetic used. It was cheap and easy to use.

30. Brunton L, Fayrer J, Rogers L. A method of preventing death from snake bite, capable of common and easy practical application. Indian medical gazette. 1904;xxxix:327–33. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Indian journal of medical research. 1914–15;ii:126. [Google Scholar]

32. Brunton, et al. A method of preventing death from snake bite. :331. ref. 30. [Google Scholar]

33. Report on the effects of artificial respiration, intravenous injection of ammonia and administration of various drugs, etc. in Indian and Australian snake-poisoning; and the physiological, chemical, and microscopical nature of snake-poisons. Calcutta: 1874. pp. i–lxvii. [Google Scholar]

34. Stokes E. The English Utilitarians and India. Delhi and Oxford: 1982. p. 311. first publ. 1959. [Google Scholar]

35. Mittra PC. Life of Colesworthy Grant, founder and late honorary secretary of the Calcutta Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Calcutta: 1881. pp. 20–23. [Google Scholar]

36. Stillman WO. The prevention of cruelty to animals. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York. 1912;ii:150–8. 150. [Google Scholar]

37. Mittra Life of Colesworthy Grant. :19. As quoted in. ref. 35. [Google Scholar]

38. Ibid. :20. [Google Scholar]

39. To see how stories of dogs in colonial Africa were indeed stories of colonialism, see, Gordon RJ. Fido: Dog tales of colonialism in Namibia. In: Beinart W, McGregor J, editors. Social history of Africa and environment. Oxford: 2003. pp. 240–54. [Google Scholar]Also see Palsetia JS. Mad dogs and Parsis: The Bombay dog riots of 1832. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2001;xi:13–30. [Google Scholar]

40. Kipling JL. Beast and man in India: A popular sketch of Indian animals in their relations with the people. London: 1891. pp. 306–7. [Google Scholar]

41. Tropp J. Dogs, poison and the meaning of colonial intervention in the Transkei, South Africa. Journal of African history. 2002;xliii:451–72. In South Africa there were state-sponsored mass killing of “kaffir dogs” owned by the Africans for their hunting to protect the wild life reserves for the state and for European sports. [Google Scholar]

42. Soldier’s dogs in India. Civil and military gazette. 1890 Mar 20;:6. [Google Scholar]

43. Civil and military gazette. 1890 Dec 15;:7. [Google Scholar]

44. Civil and military gazette. Mar 6, 1896. “The dog question” from “Anti Rabies”, Letters to the Editor; p. 5. [Google Scholar]

45. The dog nuisance in Bombay. Civil and military gazette. 1892 Mar;:95. [Google Scholar]

46. Pioneer mail. 1892 Feb 25;:7. [Google Scholar]

47. A. Newnham to the President, Municipal Committee, Municipal Office, Shimla, 5 June 1885, “Destruction of mad dogs in Shimla, 1885–1906”, B. no. 3, S. no. 21, A-4, vol. i, pp. 15–16. State Archives, Himachal Pradesh, Prabhat Sadan, Shimla.

48. Letters to the Pioneer. Pioneer mail. 1896 Feb 20;:27. [Google Scholar]

49. Bannerman WB. Report on the treatment of snake-bite with potassium permanganate. Indian journal of medical research. 1914–15;ii:153. [Google Scholar]

50. Bill submitted by the Government of Bengal for the prevention of cruelty to animals. National Archive of India (hereafter NAI); New Delhi: Feb 6, 1869. Home, Public, 170 B. [Google Scholar]

51. Bailkin J. Indian yellow: Making and breaking the imperial palette. Journal of material culture. 2005;x:197–214. 206. [Google Scholar]

52. Mittra Life of Colesworthy Grant. :23. ref. 35. [Google Scholar]

53. A Bill for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections, British Library: Jan 21, 1890. p. 218. Public and Judicial Departmental Papers, L/PJ/6/270. hereafter APAC. [Google Scholar]

54. Hotchkiss J. The jungle of Eden: Kipling, wolf boys, and the colonial imagination. Victorian literature and culture. 2001;xxix:435–49. 438. [Google Scholar]Also see Brown Mark. Race, science and the construction of native criminality in colonial India. Theoretical criminology. 2001;v:345–68. [Google Scholar]

55. Brantlinger P. Rule of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830–1914. Ithaca and London: 1990. pp. 199–226. [Google Scholar]

56. Mittra Life of Colesworthy Grant. :16–17. ref. 35. [Google Scholar]

57. Skuy David. Macaulay and the Indian penal code of 1862: The myth of the inherent superiority and modernity of the English legal system compared to India’s legal system in the nineteenth century. Modern Asian studies. 1998;xxxii:513–57. [Google Scholar]

58. Father of Rudyard Kipling and professor of architectural sculpture in the J. J. School of Art in Bombay.

59. Kipling Beast and man in India. :1. ref. 40. [Google Scholar]

60. Ibid. :14–15. [Google Scholar]

61. Ibid. :152–3. [Google Scholar]

62. Ibid. :330. [Google Scholar]

63. Ibid. :330. [Google Scholar]Also see Hotchkiss The jungle of Eden. :438. ref. 54. [Google Scholar]The same year, 1890, Rudyard Kipling published a haunting story about a British civilian named Fleete, who in an inebriated state had defiled a Hanuman temple and was nuzzled in the breast by a strange, faceless “silver man”. Overnight, Fleete, the cursed man, turned into a “beast”, The mark of the beast. Pioneer mail. 1890 Jul 16; [Google Scholar]

64. Kipling Beast and man in India. :331–2. ref. 40. [Google Scholar]

65. Ibid. :332. [Google Scholar]

66. Ibid. :335. [Google Scholar]

67. Ibid. :336. [Google Scholar]

68. Lord Dufferin in his final speech in 1888 had stressed the need for British rule in India: “They [the Indians] ought to feel that there is no greater blessing to a country than the existence of an external, dispassionate, immutable, authority, whose watchword is ‘Justice,’ who alone possesses both the power and will to weld the rights and status of each separate elements of the Empire into a peaceful, co-ordinated, and harmonious unity”, File 1978, Article, Times. 1888 Dec 3; [Google Scholar] “Latest Intelligence” (from our Correspondents), Lord Dufferin of India, Calcutta, L/PJ/6/241.

69. See e.g., the Editorial, Civil and military gazette. 1890 Apr 8;:3. [Google Scholar]

70. 17 March 1892, “Zanzibar: Order bringing into operation the (Indian) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1890”, L/PJ/6/315, File 344, APAC.

71. The prevention of cruelty to animals. Pioneer mail. 1893 Mar 30;:16–17. [Google Scholar]

72. Copland I. What to do about cows? Princely versus British approaches to a South Asian dilemma. Bulletin of SOAS. 2005;lxviii:59–76. 60. [Google Scholar]

73. “A Bill for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals”, 21 January 1890, Public and Judicial Departmental Papers, L/PJ/6/270, 218, APAC.

74. S. Muthiah, “An old-age home for cattle”, The Hindu, 18 August 2003. The Bombay pinjrapole was established in 1834 to prevent the indiscriminate slaughter of dogs by the municipality, D. O. Lodrick, Sacred cows, sacred places: Origins and survivals of animal homes in India (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), 157.

75. Burton I. Prevention of cruelty, and antivivisection. London and Belfast: 1879. p. 3. extracted from “A E I. Arabia, Egypt and India”. [Google Scholar]

76. Pioneer mail. 1892 May 25;:20–21. Letter from Frances Power Cobbe, Dolgelly. [Google Scholar]

77. Pioneer mail. 1893 Oct 19;:24. Letter from Benjamin Bryan, London. [Google Scholar]

78. Vivisection. The Indian spectator. 1892 Mar 6;:193. [Google Scholar]

79. Memorials from the Antivivisection Society Calcutta, protesting against the establishment of a Pasteur Institute in India. Home, Medical; Oct, 1896. pp. 104–7. Part B. NAI (underline in original) [Google Scholar]

80. Preece R. Darwinism, Christianity, and the great vivisection debate. Journal of the history of ideas. 2003;lxiv:399–419. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. ibid. :401. Quoted. [Google Scholar]

82. Mittra Life of Colesworthy Grant. :78, 89. As quoted in. ref. 35. [Google Scholar]

83. Lodrick Sacred cows, sacred places. :170. ref. 74. [Google Scholar]

84. The Bengal Pasteur Institute Committee had a fair share of Bengali Hindus, Muslims, Marwaris, Jains and Parsees: the Maharaja of Ajudhia, Chunilal Bose, Chatterton, Sheo Prasad Jhunjunwla, Maharaja of Kuch Bihar, Father Lafont, A. F. M. Abdur Rahman, Babu Lakshmi Narayan Shroff, W. J. Simpson, Jotindra Mohan Tagore, etc., Civil and military gazette. 1894 Feb 19;:5. [Google Scholar]

85. Copland What to do about cows? :62. ref. 72. [Google Scholar]

86. Fisher MH. Indirect rule in the British Empire: The foundations of the residency system in India (1764–1858) Modern Asian studies. 1984;xviii:393–428. [Google Scholar]

87. A few years before the Prince of Dholpur made an offer for establishing a Pasteur Institute, the British Resident had made regular complaints about his mismanagement of funds, once writing quite menacingly: “… I do not think that anything will ever awaken this will o’ the wisp Rana to an adequate consideration of the responsibility of his position or a passably sufficient discharge of his duties as a ruler. Consequently I look on the smash as inevitable.” W. J. C. (W. J. Cunningham) to W H C, 18 December 1890, “Arrangements for the Liquidation of the Details of the Dholpur State, and proposals for the Appointment of a Diwan”, 1891, Foreign Department, Secret-I, Pros. January 1891, no. 10, p. 3, R/1/1/113, APAC. M. Bhagwan suggests that the adoption of modernity in the case of the Princely State of Baroda was to counter Curzon’s interventionist policy, “Demystifying the ‘ideal progressive’: Resistance through mimicked modernity in princely Baroda, 1900–1913”, Modern Asian studies. 2001;xxxv:385–409. [Google Scholar]

88. Ray B. Hyderabad and British paramountcy, 1858–1883. Delhi: 1988. [Google Scholar]

89. Masson, et al. Edward Lawrie of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission. :1005. ref. 17. [Google Scholar]

90. The lancet. 1890 Jun 21;:234. [Google Scholar]

91. The lancet. 1890 Jun 21;:234–5. [Google Scholar]

92. Divekar VM, Naik LD. Evolution of anaesthesia in India. Journal of postgraduate medicine. 2001;xlvii:149–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. “Indian Humanitarian Society”, from J. Clayton, Secretary, Humanitarian League, London, to the Editor, Amrita bazar patrika, 27 February 1905, 8. For a detailed account of the Humanitarian League, see D. Weinbren, “Against all cruelty: The Humanitarian League, 1891–1919”, History workshop journal. 1994;xxxviii:86–105. [Google Scholar]

94. The publications of the Humanitarian League in India concentrated essentially on vegetarianism and cow protection, such as, for example, L. Sundara Ram, Cow-protection in India (South Indian Humanitarian League, Madras, 1927); D. H. Jani, Romance of the cow (Bombay Humanitarian League, Bombay, 1938); S. H. Hart, Food and character (Bombay Humanitarian League, Bombay, 1930); B. N. Motiwala and R. S. Gokhale, Rationale of vegetarianism (Bombay Humanitarian League, Bombay, [1919?]); and J. N. Manker, Testimony of scriptures against animal sacrifice (Bombay Humanitarian League, Bombay, 1924).

95. For an elaboration of this point see P. Chakrabarti, Western science in modern India: Metropolitan methods and colonial practices (New Delhi, 2004), 180–248, and A. Nandy, Alternative sciences: Creativity and authenticity in two Indian scientists (Delhi, 1995).

96. Civil and military gazette. 1890 Jan 18;:5. [Google Scholar]

97. Lord Marquis to Governor General of India, 17 November 1892, Home Department, Medical, 1893, P/4345, APAC.

98. A public want in India. Pioneer mail. 1892 Feb 4;:21. [Google Scholar]

99. A vivisection act for India. Civil and military gazette. 1893 Jul 8;:2–3. [Google Scholar]

100. Civil and military gazette. 1890 Jan 29;:4. [Google Scholar]

101. From Lawrie to the First Assistant Resident. Home Department, Medical; Hyderabad: Oct 30, 1895. p. 185. 1896, P/4963. APAC. [Google Scholar]

102. Note from Roe WAC. Surgeon-Lt-Colonel. Home Department, Medical; Punjab: Jul 27, 1893. p. 347. Officiating Sanitary Commissioner. August 1894, P/4554, APAC. [Google Scholar]

103. Surgeon General, Govt of Bombay to Sec. Govt of Bombay, 10 October 1893, ibid., p. 295.

104. “Proposed Legalisation against Vivisection in India”, J. M. Campbell to Bombay Govt, 2 September 1893, Home Department, Medical, August 1894, ibid., p. 293.

105. Minute Recorded by the Honourable Mr Justice Starling on the draft of the Bill to make further provision for the prevention of cruelty to animals. pp. 294–5. ibid. [Google Scholar]

106. T. D. Beighton to the Chief Sec, Govt of Bengal, 3 October 1893, ibid., p. 313.

107. J. F. Norris to the Chief Sec, Govt of Bengal, 19 January 1894, ibid., p. 319.

108. “An Appeal and a Warning to the People of India”, 15 November 1893 [by Society for the Protection for Animals from Vivisection, London], B. Bryan, Secretary, ibid., p. 373.

109. Harrison Animals and the state in nineteenth-century England. :792. ref. 2. [Google Scholar]

110. Memorial of the Scottish Society for the Total Suppression of Vivisection praying that the practice of vivisection may not be legalised in India. Scottish Society for the Total Suppression of Vivisection; Edinburgh: Dec 23, 1893. pp. 371–2. P/4554. APAC. [Google Scholar]

111. Willis Unmasking immortality. ref. 9. [Google Scholar]

112. Civil and military gazette. 1895 Feb;:49–57. [Google Scholar]

113. Hankin to the Inspector General of Civil Hospitals, NW Provinces and Oudh. APAC; Sep 2, 1893. p. 328. P/4554. [Google Scholar]

114. ibid. [Google Scholar]

115. Elgin GS, White AE, Miller H, Brackenbury CB, Pritchard J, Westland, MacDonnell AP. to Secretary of State for India, Simla. APAC; Aug 28, 1894. pp. 375–6. P/4554. [Google Scholar]

116. H T Fowler. Vivisection Act for India. Home Department, Medical; Dec 6, 1894. p. 95. Sec. of State for India, to Governor General of India in Council. 1895, P/4752. APAC. [Google Scholar]

117. Evans’s letter, 26 April 1895, ibid., p. 176. Also, Roe to Inspector General of Civil Hospitals in Punjab, 4 March 1893, P/4345, p. 343; Roe to Junior Sec, Govt of Punjab, 29 April 1895, P/4963, p. 185, APAC.

118. Elgin and Council to Hamilton. APAC; Calcutta: Mar 25, 1896. pp. 199–200. he became Sec. of State for India in 1895. P/4963. [Google Scholar]

119. Despatch from the Secretary of State. APAC; May 21, 1896. pp. 39–40. no. 57 (Revenue) P/4693, Part B. [Google Scholar]

120. For a brilliant account of violence in British social life in India, see Bailkin J. The boot and the spleen: When was murder possible in British India? Comparative studies in society and history. 2006;xlviii:462–93. [Google Scholar]

121. James HEM. APAC; Aug 10, 1893. p. 290. to Bombay Govt. P/4554. [Google Scholar]

122. For a study of Royal hunting sprees in the Empire causing moral outrage at home, see Taylor A. Pig-sticking princes’: Royal hunting, moral outrage, and the republican opposition to animal abuse in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain. History. 2004;lxxxix:30–48. [Google Scholar]

123. Rangarajan, “The Raj and the natural world” (ref. 12). Also see Annual Reports on the destruction of wild animals, L/PJ/6/459, File 2182; L/PJ/6/2, File 66; L/PJ/6/24, File 1462; L/PJ/6/2, File 66; L/PJ/6/113, File 2255; L/PJ/6/192, File 15; L/PJ/6/334, File 2071; L/PJ/6/430, File 1767; L/PJ/6/362, File 2275; L/PJ/6/430, File 1767; L/PJ/6/648, File 2106; L/PJ/6/636, File 1043; L/PJ/6/682, File 1406; L/PJ/6/723, File 1484; L/PJ/6/893, File 3661, APAC.

124. Mortality from snake-bite. Civil and military gazette. 1890 Jun 27;:3. [Google Scholar]Pioneer mail. 1892 Nov 17;:8. [Google Scholar]

125. Kipling Beast and man in India. :252. ref. 40. [Google Scholar]

126. The camels were not deserted. Most of them died in the long marches through the treacherous terrains of Afghanistan and from lack of food and supplies. Private William Atkinson, who had recently joined the army and went on to the Afghan campaign, witnessed many of these deaths which he described in his diary: 24 march 1879, During the march we had many of our poor baggage camels drop on the road side and die for want of food and sheer exhaustion as the poor animals had been on the continued march for several long days they were completely fatigued and worn out. The camel is a very hardworking animal and will go as long as the poor thing can get one leg before the other, and fall down and die rather than shirk their work…. And the camels which had dropped down would remain where it had fallen to be torn to pieces by the wild jackals, and other wild beasts and large birds of prey, who would very soon have the whole of its flesh stripped from their bones and leave their skeleton frame glaring in the trailing sun. These sceneries was [sic] witnessed daily by me and my comrades and most particular round about our camping ground where there was always scores of dead carcasses of camels and bullocks in all stages of mortification. And the stench which arose from the dead carriage of war was something most terrible to mention. We found every encampment in the same way in which I have spoken of [“Journal, completed 1883, of Private William Atkinson, H.M. 67th (South Hampshire) Regiment”, Mss Eur D1093, pp. 29-30, APAC].

127. “Typescripts of different versions of articles by Sir Torick Ameer Ali on Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1832–1914), John Lockwood Kipling (1837–1911) and the Second Afghan War”, Ch (6), Mss Eur C336/10, pp. 16–17, APAC.

128. Colesworthy Grant, Sketches of oriental heads [1838 to 1850], being a series of lithographic portraits drawn from life, intended to illustrate the physiognomic characteristics of the various people and tribes of India (Calcutta, 1850). See “Thugs & Budhuk Dacoits”, lithograph by Colesworthy Grant from Sketches of Oriental heads, P2572, Prints & Drawings, British Library. Also see C. Anderson, Legible bodies: Race, criminality and colonialism in South Asia (Oxford, 2004), 26.

129. Rangarajan The Raj and the natural world. :272. As shown by. ref. 12. [Google Scholar]

130. Elgin and his Council to Sec. of State, 17 March 1897, Home Department, Sanitary, Jan to March 1897 (i), P/5188, APAC

131. G. Hamilton to the Governor General in Council, 13 May 1897, ibid.

132. Elgin and his Council to Sec. of State, 17 March 1897, P/5188, pp. 1151–2, APAC.

133. Note by Morris WS. Proposed Establishment in Madras Presidency of the Institution for Treatment of Hydrophobia similar to Pasteur Institute at Kasauli. Home-Medical; May 5, 1903. p. 2. June 1903, 22–24, Part A. NAI. [Google Scholar]

134. Ibid. p. 3. [Google Scholar]

135. Ibid. [Google Scholar]

136. Young WM, Curzon, Kasauli Curzon papers: Correspondence with persons in India. 1900 Oct 26;ii:175. 1900. APAC. [Google Scholar]

137. Note by Risley (6 May1903) Proposed Establishment in Madras Presidency of the Institution for Treatment of Hydrophobia similar to Pasteur Institute at Kasauli. Home-Medical; Jun, 1903. pp. 3–4. Part A. NAI. [Google Scholar]

138. Note by Ibbetson (6 May 1903), ibid., p. 4.

139. Note by Lord Curzon (7 May 1903), ibid., p. 4 .

140. Restrictions enforced in India in regard to experiments on living animals. Home, Medical; Aug, 1907. nos. 43–57, NAI. [Google Scholar]

141. J. T. Leslie to the GOI, 14 June 1907, ibid., p. 4.

142. See, e.g., Cunningham J, Brown HC, Iyengar KRK. The preparation of vaccines on a large scale. Indian journal of medical research. 1917-18;v:1–18. 1. [Google Scholar]Report of King Institute of Preventative Medicine, Guindy. 1932 Sep 30th;:ii. [Google Scholar]Report. King Institute; Sep 30th, 1940. p. 34. [Google Scholar]

143. Vivisection in India: The shelving of an important question, a native protest. published by the British Antivivisection Society (British Union); London: 1912. correspondence between Mr K. J. Tarachand, BA and the Secretary of State for India in Council, September 1911-January 1912. for Circulation India. APAC. [Google Scholar]

144. Ibid. [Google Scholar]

145. Letter, 2 November 1911, India Office, Whitehall, London, APAC.

146. Letter from R. Ritchie, 13 December 1911, ibid.

147. Tansey EM. Protection against dog distemper and dogs protection bills: The Medical Research Council and antivivisectionist protest. Medical history. 1994;xxxviii:1–26. 1–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. It was precisely these laboratories that became sites of animal abuse in India, see the report published by the Animal Defenders International and National Anti-vivisection Society, Animal experimentation in India, unfettered science: How lack of accountability and control has led to animal abuse and poor science (London, 2003).