What is the purpose of urban models?

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.[1] It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an outward progression of growth. As with all simple models of such complex phenomena, its validity is limited.[2]

A basic version of the Sector model

This model applies to numerous British cities. Also, if it is turned 90 degrees counter-clockwise it fits the city of Mönchengladbach reasonably accurately. This may be because of the age of the cities when transportation was a key, as a general rule older cities follow the Hoyts model and more recent cities follow the Burgess (concentric zone) model.

The theory is based on early twentieth-century rail transport and does not make allowances for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries.[3] This occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when many near-slums were established outside the city but close to the termini of the street car lines. These are now incorporated into the city boundary but are pockets of low cost housing in medium cost areas.[2] The theory also does not take into account the new concepts of edge cities and boomburbs, which began to emerge in the 1980s, after the creation of the model. Since its creation, the traditional Central Business District has diminished in importance as many retail and office buildings have moved into the suburbs.

Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges
The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land.
The theory too lacks the idea based on land topography.

Urban structure
Concentric zone model
Multiple nuclei model
Linear city

^ Hoyt, H. (1939) The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities Washington, Federal Housing Administration
^ a b Smith, P.J. (1962) "Calgary: A study in urban pattern", Economic Geography, 38(4), pp.315-329
^ Rodwin, L. (1950) "The Theory of Residential Growth and Structure", Appraisal Journal, 18, pp.295-317

Internet Geography
BBC GCSE Bitesize Revision

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VOCAB:
functional zonation: division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
zone: area with a designated purpose
central city: urban area that is not suburban (older city vs. newer suburbs)
suburb: outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area often adjacent to the center city
suburbanization: process where lands outside of the city become urbanized
galactic city: complex urban area, centrality of functions not significant (often central city is festival or recreational purposes), examples: LA & Toronto
concentric zone model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings, from Ernest Burgess Chicago study
sector model: the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings., attempts to answer limitations of Burgess model, by Homer Hoyt
multiple nuclei model: model of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities, By Chanucy Harris & Edward Ullman
megacities: city where high population growth *migration has caused them to explode in population
Griffin Ford Model: Combines Latin American Culture & globalization by combining radial sectors &concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, & the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.
shantytowns: Unplanned slum developments on the margins of cities, crude dwellings/shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.
disamenity sector: poorest parts of cities; can be unconnected to regular city services, controlled by gangs/drug lords.
McGee model: T.G. McGhee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of SE Asia, focal point is the old colonial port zone, no any CBD in Asia, but elements of the CBD as separate clusters surrounding the port zone..

Extra Packet Vocab:edge city: cities made to pull CBD functions outside of the major citybarrio/favelas: unchanging slums in disamentity sectorperiferico: beyond the highway ringmetropolitan area: cities & surroundings

Models Reading and Practice from Khan Academy Link

*center cities typically have dense conglomeration of residential, retail, civic, and religious structures*often little to no planning since they grow over time*narrow and winding streets*some well off neighborhoods*outside of the cores is a preindustrial periphery, once poor and heavily affected by transportation* next areas are industrial and post industrial suburbs*many ethnic neighborhoods from former colonies or occasionally post WWII cultivated relationships

Luxembourg's Winding Streets

Map of Madrid, Spain

Athens, Greece

Jamaica in London

Algerians in France

Turks in Germany

Centrality does not matter. Ethnic and varied neighborhoods are all connected to one another and important people via transportation. Old downtown is festival or recreational site

Concentric Zone Model*Ernest Burgess of Chicago in the 1920s*concentric zones (circles)*center = central business district or (CBD) with the theater, commercial, retail*Transition 2 = business and light manufacturing/residential deteriorization*Zone 3 = modest blue collar homes*Zone 4 = middle class residences,*Zone 5 = suburban ring* assumes rent increases as you go out*assumes density decreases as you go out

*based on bid-rent curve

Criticisms:
does not account for physical barriers or gentrification. It is assumes and isotropic plain. It does not account for globalization or political concerns. Zones are never one purpose.

Criticisms:Areas of low cost living not usually correctAssumes no city planning

Does not take suburbs into account

Sector Model
*Homer Hoyt, answer to limits of concentric zones*city grows out from the center*pie like zones *city grows from the center out*zones extend the whole length of the city

*zones are high rent, low rent, intermediate rent, education and recreation, transportation, and industrial

Multiple Nuclei Model
*Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman*mid 20th century*CDB losing dominance

*several regions have a nucl

ei that compete among each other

CriticismsNo influence of height or government considered. Not based on any actual city

Gives a very fuzzy unclear spatial picture

Megacities:*large populations, vast areas of territory, and strained infrastructure*found in developing areas

*Mumbai, India; Mexico City; Sao Paulo, Brazil

Griffin-Ford Model*Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford*blends South American culture with globalization*combines radial sectors and concentric zones*anchored by CBD; business, employment, and entertainment*CBD split between traditional and modern high rise*commercial spine surrounded by elite residences with high level services*concentric zones for less well off*shantytowns exist*disamenity sector belonging to non governmental organizations, includes barrios or favelas, can reach core, usually outside*highway ring*industrial park and a gentrification zone* see improvement in gentrification and middle

Subsaharan African Model*Subsaharan Africa is the least urbanized*despite low urbanization levels, it is the fastest growing in urbanization*imprint of European colonialism present*colonial cities on ports or interior*some cities are neither traditional nor colonial*often has 3 CBD (informal, periodic market, transitional business*sector encircles ethnic and mixed neighborhoods*often still see mining or manufacturing

*shantytowns on the outside

McGee Model*contains some of the most populated cities (Kuala Lumpur, Jakarata)*1967, T.G. McGee*Focal point: Old Colonial Port Zone and surrounding commercial district*no formal CBD zone*cluster zones: government zone, Western commercial zone, alien commercial zone (often Chinese dominated), mixed land use (including light industry)*other zones: market gardening at the outskirts and a farther industrial park*similiar to the Griffin-Ford: both sector and zone hybrids

*has a middle class housing in suburbs (larger middle class)