What are examples of ethics violations?

1. Baeta M, Núñez C, González-Andrade F, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Bolea M, et al. Mitochondrial analysis revealed high homogeneity in the Waorani population—the last nomadic group of hunter-gatherers from Ecuador. Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 2009;2:313–4.

   Article  Google Scholar 

2. Pringle H. Uncontacted tribe in Brazil emerges from isolation. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2014.

3. Feather C. Isolated tribes: contact misguided. Science. 2015;349:798–798.

   Article  Google Scholar 

4. Bodley JH. Isolated tribes: human rights first. Science. 2015;349:798–9.

   Article  Google Scholar 

5. Fitzpatrick EF, Martiniuk AL, D’Antoine H, Oscar J, Carter M, Elliott EJ. Seeking consent for research with indigenous communities: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;17:65.

   Article  Google Scholar 

6. Guillemin M, Gillam L, Barnard E, Stewart P, Walker H, Rosenthal D. “We’re checking them out”: indigenous and non-Indigenous research participants’ accounts of deciding to be involved in research. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:8.

   Article  Google Scholar 

7. Hurley DA, Kostelecky SR, Aguilar P. Whose knowledge? Representing Indigenous realities in library and archival collections. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis; 2017.

8. Nugent S. The Yanomami: anthropological discourse and ethics. In: The ethics of anthropology. Routledge; 2004. p. 91–109.

9. Sponsel LE. Yanomami: an arena of conflict and aggression in the Amazon. Aggress Behav. 1998;24:97–122.

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Castellano MB. Ethics of Aboriginal research. Global bioethics and human rights: contemporary issues. 2014;273.

11. Harding A, Harper B, Stone D, O’Neill C, Berger P, Harris S, et al. Conducting research with tribal communities: sovereignty, ethics, and data-sharing issues. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;120:6–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

12. Kelley A, Belcourt-Dittloff A, Belcourt C, Belcourt G. Research ethics and indigenous communities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:2146–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

13. Nowrouzi B, McGregor L, McDougall A, Debassige D, Casole J, Nguyen C, et al. Ethics of biological sampling research with aboriginal communities in Canada. Glob J Health Sci. 2017;9.

14. Gonzáles Amaya MG. Implicaciones jurídicas: Biotecnología y la colecta inconsulta del ADN en los Pueblos y Nacionalidades del Ecuador. B.S. thesis. Quito: UCE; 2016.

15. Fernández CF. El análisis de contenidocomoayudametodológica para la investigación. Rev Cienc Soc Cr. 2002;II:35–53.

    Google Scholar 

16. Hernández Sampieri R, Fernández Collado C, Baptista Lucio P. Metodología De La Investigación Semblanza De Los Autores. 2004; 533.

17. Ritchie J, Lewis J, Nicholls CM, Ormston R. Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. 2a. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2013.

18. Creswell JW. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications; 2013. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EbogAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=qualitative+quantitative+research&ots=cafQtPOCD4&sig=QQkyjAUv6BstmOkwgM4fOPpxdnI. Accessed 26 Feb 2016.

19. Santos FR, Gerelsaikhan T, Munkhtuja B, Oyunsuren T, Epplen JT, Pena SD. Geographic differences in the allele frequencies of the human Y-linked tetranucleotide polymorphism DYS19. Hum Genet. 1996;97:309–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

20. Eichler EE, Lu F, Shen Y, Antonacci R, Jurecic V, Doggett NA, et al. Duplication of a gene-rich cluster between 16p11.1 and Xq28: a novel pericentromeric-directed mechanism for paralogous genome evolution. Hum Mol Genet. 1996;5:899–912.

21. Santos FR, Pandya A, Tyler-Smith C, Pena SD, Schanfield M, Leonard WR, et al. The central Siberian origin for native American Y chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:619–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

22. Yu L, Kalla K, Guthrie E, Vidrine A, Klimecki WT. Genetic variation in genes associated with arsenic metabolism: glutathione S-transferase omega 1–1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphisms in European and indigenous Americans. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:1421–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

23. Go Y, Satta Y, Takenaka O, Takahata N. Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates. Genetics. 2005;170:313–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

24. Meza MM, Yu L, Rodriguez YY, Guild M, Thompson D, Gandolfi AJ, et al. Developmentally restricted genetic determinants of human arsenic metabolism: association between urinary methylated arsenic and CYT19 polymorphisms in children. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:775–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

25. Tuzun E, Sharp AJ, Bailey JA, Kaul R, Morrison VA, Pertz LM, et al. Fine-scale structural variation of the human genome. Nat Genet. 2005;37:727–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

26. Marini NJ, Gin J, Ziegle J, Keho KH, Ginzinger D, Gilbert DA, et al. The prevalence of folate-remedial MTHFR enzyme variants in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:8055–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

27. Geppert M, Ayub Q, Xue Y, Santos S, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Baeta M, et al. Identification of new SNPs in native South American populations by resequencing the Y chromosome. Forensic SciInt Genet. 2015;15:111–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

28. Larrick JW, Yost JA, Kaplan J. Snake bite among the Waorani Indians of eastern Ecuador. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1978;72:542–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

29. Kaplan JE, Larrick JW, Yost JA. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in the Waorani, an isolated Amerindian population. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:1012–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

30. Kaplan JE, Larrick JW, Yost J, Farrell L, Greenberg HB, Herrmann KL, et al. Infectious disease patterns in the Waorani, an isolated Amerindian population. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:298–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

31. Theakston RD, Reid HA, Larrick JW, Kaplan J, Yost JA. Snake venom antibodies in Ecuadorian Indians. J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;84:199–202.

    Google Scholar 

32. Larrick JW, Buckley CE III, Machamer CE, Schlagel GD, Yost JA, Blessing-Moore J, et al. Does hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E protect tropical populations from allergic disease? J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1983;71:184–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

33. Davis EW, Yost JA. Theethnomedicine of the Waorani of Amazonian Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983;9:273–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

34. Theakston RDG. The application of immunoassay techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to snake venom research. Toxicon. 1983;21:341–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

35. Larrick JW, Yost J, Gourley C, Buckley CE, Plato CC, Pandey JP, et al. Markers of genetic variation among the Waorani Indians of the Ecuadorian Amazon headwaters. Am J PhysAnthropol. 1985;66:445–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

36. Buckley CE III, Larrick JW, Kaplan JE. Population differences in cutaneous methacholine reactivity and circulating IgE concentrations. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 1985;76:847–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

37. Larrick JW, Schable C, Kaplan JE. HIV infection in Waorani Indians of eastern Ecuador. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81:173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

38. Watkins DI, McAdam SN, Liu X, Strang CR, Milford EL, Levine CG, et al. New recombinant HLA-B alleles in a tribe of South American Amerindians indicate rapid evolution of MHC class I loci. Nature. 1992;357:329–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

39. Brady JE. Huaorani tribe of ecuador: a study in self-determination for indigenous peoples. Harv Hum Rights J. 1997;10:291.

    Google Scholar 

40. Kron MA, Ammunariz M, Pandey J, Guzman JR. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in the absence of atopy and filarial infection: the Huaorani of Ecuador. In: Allergy and asthma proceedings. OceanSide Publications, Inc; 2000. p. 335–341. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/2000/00000021/00000006/art00001. Accessed 30 Mar 2014.

41. Manock SR, Kelley PM, Hyams KC, Douce R, Smalligan RD, Watts DM, et al. An outbreak of fulminant hepatitis delta in the Waorani, an indigenous people of the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;63:209–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

42. Salzano FM. Molecular variability in Amerindians: widespread but uneven information. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 2002;74:223–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

43. González-Andrade F. Análisis molecular de variación de polimorfismos STR autosómicos y de cromosoma “Y” en grupos étnicos de Ecuador con aplicación médico-forense. Mem Tesis Dr En Med Esp Univ Zaragoza. 2006.

44. Beckerman S, Erickson PI, Yost J, Regalado J, Jaramillo L, Sparks C, et al. Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106:8134–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

45. Gonzalez-Andrade F, Roewer L, Willuweit S, Sanchez D, Martínez-Jarreta B. Y-STR variation among ethnic groups from Ecuador: Mestizos, Kichwas, Afro-Ecuadorians and Waoranis. Forensic SciInt Genet. 2009;3:e83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

46. Kuang-Yao Pan W, Erlien C, Bilsborrow RE. Morbidity and mortality disparities among colonist and indigenous populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70:401–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

47. Gómez-Pérez L, Alfonso-Sánchez MA, Sánchez D, García-Obregón S, Espinosa I, Martínez-Jarreta B, et al. Alu polymorphisms in the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon reflect the effects of isolation and genetic drift. Am J Hum Biol. 2011;23:790–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

48. Geppert M, Baeta M, Núñez C, Martínez-Jarreta B, Zweynert S, Cruz OWV, et al. Hierarchical Y-SNP assay to study the hidden diversity and phylogenetic relationship of native populations in South America. Forensic SciInt Genet. 2011;5:100–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

49. Cardoso S, Alfonso-Sánchez MA, Valverde L, Sánchez D, Zarrabeitia MT, Odriozola A, et al. Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Heredity. 2012;108:609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

50. Gómez-Pérez L, Alfonso-Sánchez MA, Dipierri JE, Sánchez D, Espinosa I, De Pancorbo MM, et al. Young Alu insertions within the MHC class I region in native American populations: Insights into the origin of the MHC-Alu repeats. Am J Hum Biol. 2013;25:359–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

51. Roewer L, Nothnagel M, Gusmão L, Gomes V, González M, Corach D, et al. Continent-wide decoupling of Y-chromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in native South Americans. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

52. London D, Hruschka D. Helminths and human ancestral immune ecology: What is the evidence for high helminth loads among foragers? Am J Hum Biol. 2014;26:124–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

53. London DS, Beezhold B. A phytochemical-rich diet may explain the absence of age-related decline in visual acuity of Amazonian hunter-gatherers in Ecuador. Nutr Res. 2015;35:107–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

54. Mezzavilla M, Geppert M, Tyler-Smith C, Roewer L, Xue Y. Insights into the origin of rare haplogroup C3* Y chromosomes in South America from high-density autosomal SNP genotyping. Forensic SciInt Genet. 2015;15:115–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

55. Quizhpe E, Ñauta G, Córdoba-Doña JA, Teran E. Five-year eradication of hepatitis b infection after an outreach immunization program in the waorani population in the ecuadorian amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:670–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

56. Belich MP, Madrigal JA, Hildebrand WH, Zemmour J, Williams RC, Luz R, et al. Unusual HLA-B alleles in two tribes of Brazilian Indians. Nature. 1992;357:326–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

57. Dodson M, Williamson R. Indigenous peoples and the morality of the Human Genome Diversity Project. J Med Ethics. 1999;25:204–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

58. Mello MM, Wolf LE. The Havasupai Indian tribe case—lessons for research involving stored biologic samples. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:204–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

59. Orellano C, Gonzalez S. Acerca de la opcióndecolonial en el ámbito de la psicología. Perspect En Psicol. 2015;12:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

60. Valencia JC. Eduardo Restrepo y Axel Rojas, Inflexión decolonial. Popayán, Colombia, Universidad del Cauca, Instituto Pensar, Universidad Javeriana, 2010, 234 pp. Am Mém Identités Territ. 2012.

61. Tamariz L, Kirolos I, Pendola F, Marcus EN, Carrasquillo O, Rivadeneira J, et al. Minority veterans are more willing to participate in complex studies compared to non-minorities. J Bioethical Inq. 2018;15:155–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

62. Largent EA, Lynch HF. Paying research participants: The outsized influence of “undue influence.” IRB. 2017;39:1.

    Google Scholar 

Page 2

Skip to main content

From: Potential research ethics violations against an indigenous tribe in Ecuador: a mixed methods approach