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4 3 12 If 15% of a DNA sample is made up of thymine, T, what
percentage of the sample is made up of cytosine, C? (1) 15% (3) 70%
(2) 35% (4) 85%
Slide 4
4 3 12 The diagram below represents a technique used in some
molecular biology laboratories. This technique is a type of (1)
chromatography (2) gel electrophoresis (3) direct harvesting (4)
genetic engineering
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(1) results from isolation of the organism from the rest of the
population (2) is due to a genetic code that is present in the
gametes of the organism (3) decreases the number of genes in the
body cells of the organism (4) causes a change in the environment
surrounding the organism 4 3 12 A characteristic that an organism
exhibits during its lifetime will only be passed on in species if
the characteristic
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Stem Cells If skin is cut, the wound closes within days. If a
leg is broken, the fracture will usually mend if the bone is set
correctly. Almost all human tissue can repair itself to some
extent. Much of this repair is due to the activity of stem cells.
These cells resemble those of a developing embryo in their ability
to reproduce repeatedly, forming exact copies of themselves. They
may also form many other different kinds of cells. Stem cells in
bone marrow offer a dramatic example. They can give rise to all of
the structures in the blood: red blood cells, platelets, and
various types of white blood cells. Other stem cells may produce
the various components of the skin, liver, or intestinal lining.
The brain of an adult human can sometimes compensate for damage by
making new connections among surviving nerve cells (neurons). For
many years, most biologists believed that the brain could not
repair itself because it lacked stem cells that would produce new
neurons. A recent discovery, however, indicates that a mature human
brain does produce neurons routinely at one site, the hippocampus,
an area important to memory and learning. This discovery raises the
prospect that stem cells that make new neurons in one part of the
brain might be found in other areas. If investigators can learn how
to cause existing stem cells to produce useful numbers of
functional nerve cells, it might be possible to correct a number of
disorders involving damage to neurons such as Alzheimers disease,
Parkinsons disease, stroke, and brain injuries.
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4 3 12 What is the process by which stem cells produce exact
copies of themselves? (1) cell division by mitosis (2) cell
division by meiosis (3) sexual reproduction (4) glucose
synthesis
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Dolly is a sheep developed from an egg cell of her mother that
had its nucleus replaced by a nucleus from a body cell of her
mother. As a result of this technique, Dolly is (1) no longer able
to reproduce (2) genetically identical to her mother (3) able to
have a longer lifespan (4) unable to mate 4 3 12
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4 3 12 Cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight
chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes were contributed by each
parent of the fruit fly? (1) 8 (3) 16 (2) 2 (4) 4
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(1) base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of
the offspring (2) DNA of parents and their offspring is more
similar than the DNA of nonfamily members (3) position of the genes
on each chromosome is unique to each family (4) mutation rate is
the same in closely related Individuals 4 3 12 To determine the
identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes
request DNA tests. These tests involve comparing DNA samples from
the child to DNA samples taken from the likely parents. Possible
relationships may be determined from these tests because the
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4 3 12 The diagrams below represent portions of the genes that
code for wing structure in two organisms of the same species. Gene
1 was taken from the cells of a female with normal wings, and gene
2 was taken from the cells of a female with abnormal wings. The
abnormal wing structure was most likely due to (1)an insertion (2)
a deletion (3) a substitution (4) Normal replication
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4 3 12 In the United States, there has been relatively little
experimentation involving the insertion of genes from other species
into human DNA. One reason for the lack of these experiments is
that (1) the subunits of human DNA are different from the DNA
subunits of other species (2) there are many ethical questions to
be answered before inserting foreign genes into human DNA (3)
inserting foreign DNA into human DNA would require using techniques
completely different from those used to insert foreign DNA into the
DNA of other mammals (4) human DNA always promotes human survival,
so there is no need to alter it
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4 3 1 2 The diagram below represents the cloning of a carrot
plant. Compared to each cell of the original carrot plant, each
cell of the new plant will have (1) the same number of chromosomes
and the same types of genes (2) the same number of chromosomes, but
different types of genes (3) half the number of chromosomes and the
same types of genes (4) half the number of chromosomes, but
different types of genes
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4 3 1 2 For centuries, certain animals have been crossed to
produce offspring that have desirable qualities. Dogs have been
mated to produce Labradors, beagles, and poodles. All of these dogs
look and behave very differently from one another. This technique
of producing organisms with specific qualities is known as (1)gene
replication (3) random mutation (2) natural selection (4) selective
breeding
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4 3 1 2 At warm temperatures, a certain bread mold can often be
seen growing on bread as a dark-colored mass. The same bread mold
growing on bread in a cooler environment is red in color. Which
statement most accurately describes why this change in the color of
the bread mold occurs? (1) Gene expression can be modified by
interactions with the environment. (2) Every organism has a
different set of coded instructions. (3) The DNA was altered in
response to an environmental condition. (4) There is no replication
of genetic material in the cooler environment.
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4 3 1 2 A pattern of reproduction and growth in a one celled
organism is shown below. Which statement best describes this
pattern of reproduction? (1) All genetic material comes from one
parent. (2) Only some of the genetic material comes from one
parent. (3) The size of the parent determines the amount of genetic
material. (4) The size of the parent determines the source of the
genetic material.
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4 3 1 2 The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by
using (1) a scalpel (3) hormones (2) electrophoresis (4)
enzymes
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4 3 1 2 Which statement best describes a population of
organisms if cloning is the only method used to reproduce this
population? (1) The population would be more likely to adapt to a
changing environment. (2) There would be little chance for
variation within the population. (3) The population would evolve
rapidly. (4) The mutation rate in the population would be
rapid.
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In all organisms, the coded instructions for specifying the
characteristics of the organism are directly determined by the
arrangement of the (1) twenty kinds of amino acids in each protein
(2) twenty-three pairs of genes on each chromosome (3) strands of
simple sugars in certain carbohydrate molecules (4) four types of
molecular bases in the genes 4 3 1 2
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4 3 1 2 Which process usually results in offspring that exhibit
new genetic variations?
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4 3 1 2 Even though identical twins have the same genetic
material, they may develop slightly different characteristics
because (1) each twin receives different chromosomes from the egg
(2) one twin may only have genes from the father (3) gene
expression may be influenced by factors that switch genes on and
off (4) a gene mutation may have occurred before the zygote
divided
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4 3 1 2 The diagram below illustrates asexual reproduction in
yeast. Yeast produce offspring that usually have (1) genes that are
different from those of the parent (2) genes that are identical to
those of the parent (3) half of the genetic information of the
parent (4) organelles that are not found in the parent
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4 3 1 2 The molecule represented below is found in living
things. Which statement describes one characteristic of this
molecule? (1) It is the template for the replication of genetic
information. (2) Organic catalysts are made up of these molecules.
(3) It is different in each cell of an organism. (4) Cell membranes
contain many of these molecules.
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4 3 1 2 If a chemical that interrupts cell division is added to
a culture of human liver tissue, which process would stop? (1)
meiosis (2) mitosis (3) breakdown of glucose (4) diffusion of
nutrients
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4 3 1 2 Researchers have found that formaldehyde and asbestos
can alter DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of
these chemicals has been greatly reduced because they (1) may act
as fertilizers, increasing the growth of algae in ponds (2) have
been replaced by more toxic compounds (3) are capable of causing
mutations in humans (4) interfere with the production of
antibiotics by white blood cells
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The shape of a protein is most directly determined by the (1)
amount of energy available for synthesis of the protein (2) kind
and sequence of amino acids in the protein (3) type and number of
DNA molecules in a cell (4) mistakes made when the DNA is copied 4
3 1 2
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If a gene is inserted into the DNA of a bacterial cell, every
cell produced by that cell will have (1) DNA that is different from
that of the other cells produced (2) a 50% chance of having a copy
of the inserted gene (3) a copy of the inserted gene (4) a new type
of DNA base 4 3 1 2
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A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as
a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of (1) an inherited
disorder (2) environmental influence on gene expression (3)
expression of a hidden trait (4) a characteristic controlled by
more than one pair of genes 4 3 1 2
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The sickle-cell trait is an inherited condition resulting from
the presence of abnormal molecules of the protein hemoglobin in red
blood cells. A person with the sickle-cell trait may have a child
with the same condition because the child receives from the parent
(1) abnormal red blood cells (2) abnormal hemoglobin molecules (3)
a code for the production of abnormal hemoglobin (4) a code for the
production of abnormal amino Acids 4 3 1 2
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The sorting and recombining of genes during meiosis and
fertilization usually leads to the production of (1) gametes with
many copies of the same chromosome (2) embryos with traits
identical to those of all other members of the species (3) zygotes
with the genetic information to produce only females (4) offspring
with some traits that did not appear in their parents 4 3 1 2
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Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in a
squirrel? (1) The squirrel stops using its claws for digging. (2)
The squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days. (3) Oak
trees gradually become less common. (4) The weather becomes wetter
for a short period of time. 4 3 1 2
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In some cases, humans have chosen to mate certain individual
farm animals within a species. For example, by allowing only the
largest cattle to reproduce over many generations, strains of very
large cattle have been produced. This process is known as (1)
natural selection (2) direct harvesting (3) selective breeding (4)
dynamic equilibrium 4 3 1 2
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4 3 1 2 The diagram below represents a technique currently used
by scientists in the field of biotechnology. Which statement
describes a possible outcome of this technique? (1) The bacterium
is able to produce a human hormone. (2) It allows the bacterium to
grow in humans, since it contains a human gene. (3) It allows
humans to become immune to an infection from this type of bacteria.
(4) The bacterium can now produce human cells identical to cells of
the DNA donor.
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43 1 2 In some people, the lack of a particular enzyme causes a
disease. Scientists are attempting to use bacteria to produce this
enzyme for the treatment of people with the disease. Which row in
the chart below best describes the sequence of steps the scientists
would most likely follow? RowStep AStep BStep C Step D (1) identify
the gene insert the gene into a bacterium remove the gene extract
the enzyme (2) insert the gene into a bacterium identify the gene
remove the gene extract the enzyme (3)identify the gene remove the
gene insert the gene into a bacterium extract the enzyme (4)remove
the gene extract the enzyme identify the gene insert the gene into
a bacterium
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4 3 12 The diagram below represents the process used in 1996 to
clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly. Which statement
concerning Dolly is correct? Which statement concerning Dolly is
correct? (1) Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to
produce Dolly. (2) The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to
that of sheep A. (3) Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA. (4)
Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C.
Slide 36
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