At what age do infants begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations?

1. Dozier M, Stovall KC, Albus KA. Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of Attachment. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 497–519. [Google Scholar]

2. Green J, Goldwyn R. Annotation: attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43:835–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Greenberg MT. Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of Attachment. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 469–98. [Google Scholar]

4. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Volume 1: Attachment. 2nd edn. New York: Basic Books; 1982. [Google Scholar]

5. Waters E, Cummings EM. A secure base from which to explore close relationships. Child Dev. 2000;71:164–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Klaus MH, Kennell JH. Maternal-Infant Bonding: The Impact of Early Separation or Loss on Family Development. St Louis: Mosby; 1976. [Google Scholar]

7. Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MD, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1978. [Google Scholar]

8. Sroufe LA. The role of infant-caregiver attachments in development. In: Belsky J, Nezworski T, editors. Clinical Implications of Attachment. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988. pp. 18–38. [Google Scholar]

9. van IJzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants and sequelae. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11:225–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Lyons-Ruth K, Bronfman E, Atwood G. A relational diathesis model of hostile-helpless states of mind: Expressions in mother-infant interactions. In: Solomon J, George C, editors. Attachment Disorganization. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 33–70. [Google Scholar]

11. Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Blom M. Unresolved loss and infant disorganization: Links to frightening maternal behavior. In: Solomon J, George C, editors. Attachment Disorganization. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 71–94. [Google Scholar]

12. Zeanah CH, Danis B, Hirshberg L, Benoit D, Miller D, Heller SS. Disorganized attachment associated with partner violence: A research note. Infant Ment Health J. 1999;20:77–86. [Google Scholar]

13. Main M, Solomon J. Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In: Brazelton TB, Yogman MW, editors. Affective Development in Infancy. Norwood: Ablex; 1986. pp. 95–124. [Google Scholar]

14. Main M, Solomon J. Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In: Greenberg MT, Cummings EM, editors. Attachment in the Preschool Years. Chicago: University Press; 1990. pp. 121–60. [Google Scholar]

15. Main M, Hesse E. Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening behavior the linking mechanism? In: Greenberg MT, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM, editors. Attachment in the Preschool Years. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1990. pp. 161–82. [Google Scholar]

16. Egeland B, Hiester M. The long-term consequences of infant day-care and mother-infant attachment. Child Dev. 1995;66:474–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. van IJzendoorn MH, Sagi A, Lambermon MWE. The multiple caretaker paradox: Data from Holland and Israel. In: Pianta RC, editor. New Directions for Child Development No 57 Beyond the Parent: The role of Other Adults in Children’s Lives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1992. pp. 5–24. [Google Scholar]

18. Boris NW, Fueyo M, Zeanah CH. Clinical assessment of attachment in children under five. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:291–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Carlson EA. A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganized/disoriented. Child Dev. 1998;69:1107–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Lyons-Ruth K, Block D. The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving and infant affect and attachment. Infant Ment Health J. 1996;17:257–75. [Google Scholar]

21. Lyons-Ruth K, Alpern L, Repacholi B. Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Dev. 1993;64:572–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Main M, Cassidy J. Categories of response to reunion with the caregiver at age six: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a one-month period. Dev Psychopathol. 1988;24:415–26. [Google Scholar]

23. Main M, Morgan H. Disorganization and disorientation in infant strange situation behavior: Phenotypic resemblance to dissociative states? In: Michelson LK, Ray WJ, editors. Handbook of Dissociation: Theoretical, Empirical and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Plenum Press; 1996. pp. 107–38. [Google Scholar]

24. Zeanah CH, Boris NW, Larrieu JA. Infant development and developmental risk: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:165–78. Erratum in: 1998;37:240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Dev. 1995;66:1100–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Splanger G, Grossmann KE. Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Dev. 1993;64:1439–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Greenberg MT, Speltz ML, DeKlyen M. The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Dev Psychopathol. 1993;3:413–30. [Google Scholar]

28. Lyons-Ruth K. Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64:64–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Lyons-Ruth K, Easterbrooks MA, Cibelli CD. Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Dev Psychol. 1997;33:681–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Solomon J, George C, De Jong A. Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Dev Psychopathol. 1995;7:447–63. [Google Scholar]

31. Speltz ML, Greenberg MT, Deklyen M. Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children. Dev Psychopathol. 1990;2:31–46. [Google Scholar]

32. Cicchetti D, Barnett D. Attachment organization in maltreated pre-schoolers. Dev Psychopathol. 1991;3:397–411. [Google Scholar]

33. Lyons-Ruth K, Connell D, Zoll D, Stahl J. Infants at social risk: Relations among infant maltreatment, maternal behavior, and infant attachment behavior. Dev Psychol. 1987;23:223–32. [Google Scholar]

34. Lyons-Ruth K, Repacholi B, McLeod S, Silva E. Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlates, and risk-related subtypes. Dev Psychopathol. 1991;3:377–96. [Google Scholar]

35. Shaw DS, Vondra JI. Infant attachment security and maternal predictors of early behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995;23:335–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Lyons-Ruth K, Jacobvitz D. Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of Attachment. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. pp. 520–54. [Google Scholar]

37. Jacobvitz D, Hazan N. Developmental pathways from infant disorganization to childhood peer relationships. In: Solomon J, George C, editors. Attachment Disorganization. New York: Guilford Press; 1999. [Google Scholar]

38. Greenberg MT, Speltz ML, Deklyen M, Endriga MC. Attachment security in pre-schoolers with and without externalizing problems: A replication. Dev Psychopathol. 1991;3:413–30. [Google Scholar]

39. Moss E, Rousseau D, Parent S, St-Laurent D, Saintonge J. Correlates of attachment at school age: Maternal reported stress, mother-child interaction, and behavior problems. Child Dev. 1998;69:1390–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Goldwyn R, Stanley C, Smith V, Green JM. The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: Relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behavior. Attach Hum Dev. 2000;2:71–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Cassidy J. Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Dev. 1988;59:121–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Verschueren K, Marcoen A. Representation of self and socioemotional competence in kindergartners: Differential and combined effects of attachment to mother and to father. Child Dev. 1999;70:183–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Verschueren K. Narratives in attachment research. Biennial meeting of the European Society of Developmental Psychology; Uppsala. 2001. [Google Scholar]

44. Jacobsen T, Edelstein W, Hofmann V. A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Dev Psychol. 1994;30:112–24. [Google Scholar]

45. Hesse E, van IJzendoorn MH. Parental loss of close family members and propensities towards absorption in offspring. Dev Sci. 1998;1:299–305. [Google Scholar]

46. World Health Organization . International Classification of Diseases: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. 10th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992. [Google Scholar]

47. American Psychiatric Association Diagnositic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn(DSM-IV)Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994 [Google Scholar]

48. Zeanah CH, Mammen OK, Lieberman AF. Disorders of Attachment Handbook of Infant Mental Health. New York: Guilford Press; 1993. pp. 332–49. [Google Scholar]

49. Zeanah CH, Boris NW. Disturbances and Disorders of Attachment in Early Childhood Handbook of Infant Mental Health. 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press; 2000. pp. 358–81. [Google Scholar]

50. Ferber R. Solve Your Child’s Sleep Problems. New York: Simon & Schuster; 1985. [Google Scholar]

Page 2

Types of attachment and antecedents