According to knapp’s model of interaction stages, symbolic public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists usually occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?

The Knapp's Model of Relational Development views relationship development as a ten step process, broken into two phases. According to the Knapp's model, all of the steps must be done one-at-a-time and in order to make sure they are effective. Compared to DeVito's 5 stage model of relational development, Knapp's model is far more prescriptive and detailed, but also presupposes that the relationship will ultimately dissolve as evident in the five "coming apart" stages that make up the second half of the model. Initiation is the very first stage when the individuals make their first impressions on each other. Physical appearance often plays a big role in this stage when it comes to forming first impressions.

Experimentation is the second stage; this is when individuals begin to engage in self-disclosure to learn information about each other. The individuals use this stage to explore and get a feel for the relationship as well as one another.[1]

During the intensifying stage of Knapp's model, the two individuals will continue experimentations to determine whether there is mutual emotional affection and attachment. Whereas in the previous experimentation phase, conversation focused more on superficial topics such as discovering shared areas of interest and commonalities, in the intensifying stage the level of self-disclosure deepens. The breadth of topics discussed broadens and the depth in which each individual feels comfortable discussing those topics with the other enters the intimate and personal realms (see diagram of the Social Penetration Model). In this stage, certain behaviors such as increasing one on one contact through more frequent communication (through face to face encounters, text, or phone calls), doing favors for a partner or offering gifts as tokens of affection, requesting commitment from a partner through direct definitional bid, personalized verbal expressions of affection such as "I love you" or assigning pet names such as "babe," and suggestive actions such as flirtation, gazing, or touching may all emerge as methods of intensifying the connection between the two people. Essential to the intensifying stage are "secret tests" performed by each individual to ascertain whether his or her overtures are actually helpful in their intensification efforts. These tests most often manifest themselves through:

→ Endurance, in which a partner is placed in an unpleasant, inconvenient, or uncomfortable situation or respond to certain requests to determine his or her commitment to the relationship.

→ Public presentation during which a partner is introduced under a particular label such as "boyfriend" or "girlfriend" to see if they are comfortable with being identified in this manner.

→ Separation, which tests whether communication and feelings of affection will continue despite an inability to physically be together.

→ Third-party questioning, where one partner may attempt to find out the hidden feelings of the interested party indirectly by asking a friend to probe the person of interest for indication as to their depth of feeling and affection.

→ Triangle tests, in which one partner sees if they can elicit jealousy from the other partner when another person expresses interest in the person concocting the test.

While all five of these methods are common methods of testing intensification efforts, it's important to note that endurance, separation, and triangle-tests are generally the least constructive, and can even be destructive when it comes to building the relationship.[2]

Once each individual feels confident, through their various intensification efforts, that mutual affection has been confirmed, the couple may begin to transition into the integration stage of their relationship. In addition to bonding, the integration stage makes up maintenance stage of a relationship. During this stage, the couple is fused and elements of their individual social identity, such as friends, belongings, and living spaces are now shared. Additionally, the exclusive commitment each partner has for the other is generally solidified in this stage through even deeper self-disclosure and revealing of secrets, sex, and discussion of future plans.[3]

The final stage of the coming together half of the Relational Model is bonding. This stage puts the relationship on public display and suggests that the relationship is exclusive. This stage often involves marriage or another type of public contract, though marriage is not necessary to successfully bond. There is usually a turning point that happens in this stage that signals a change in the relationship, making the relationship intimate. Reaching this stage does not guarantee that the relationship will remain bonded, though many intimate relationships will remain in this stage until divorce, death, or another type of separation.[4]

Along with the coming together stages, most relationships will go through the coming apart stages of the Relational DM. Like the “coming together” stages, there are five stages of “coming apart.” The first stage is differentiating. During this stage, differences between the relationship partners are emphasized and what was thought to be similarities begins to disintegrate. Instead of working together, partners quickly begin to become more individualistic in their attitudes. Differentiating is expected to happen in romantic relationships. A common solution to differentiating is for each partner to give the other “some space” though extreme differentiating can lead to a damaged relationship.[5]

Circumscribing is one of the early stages of the relationship coming apart; the beginning of the end. Both parties are prescribed their own space. One person might walk the dogs while the other might spend alone time in the office. It is inappropriate for these jobs or spaces to be invaded.

In the stagnation stage, what were once patterns in the relationship become ruts. One partner’s use of third person speaking becomes irritating and something the other party has come to expect.

Avoidance is the second to last step to Knapp’s Model of Relational Development. During this stage, the two people in the relationship will become separate from one another physically, emotionally, and mentally. In addition to not spending time with one another, they both begin to avoid the other person’s needs and solely start to focus on themselves. This stage ultimately leads to the final step in Knapp’s Relational Development model - Termination.

During the termination stage of Knapp’s Model of Relational Development, both people that were in the relationship decide to end their connection with one another. No longer are they both receiving a mutually satisfying outcome from being with one another. Neither one of them is happy, and the relationship must come to an end. In this model, this step is unavoidable.

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Dialectual tensions arise when a relationship is new and tend to disappear after the first two year	False
According to chapter 8, we are usually attracted to people who are similar to us	True
Small talk typically occurs during the initiating stage of an interpersonal relationship	False
Reciprocal liking builds attractiveness	True
Social circles merge and the relational partners take on a new relational identity in the intensifying stage of relationships	False
Differentiation in relationships is always negative, since it is part of the "coming apart" process	False
The initiating stage of interpersonal relationships is usually brief	True
Attraction to others is usually greatest when we perceive we are similar to them in a high percentage of important areas, like goals and beliefs	True
Differences strengthen a relationship when they are complementary	True
Dialectical tensions exist in relationships when two incompatible forces or pressures exist at the same time	True
Metacommunication is communication about communication	True
All appropriate self-disclosure leads to liking	False
When we are trying to decide whether a relationship with another person is no longer "worth the effort", we are using the social exchange formula	True
Rules about self-disclosure vary between cultures	True
Agreeing to rules about how often couples will or won’t talk and text via cell phones can help to manage which dialectical tensions?	Connection vs. autonomy
A couple might declare themselves "Facebook Official" in which stage of relational development?	integrating
According to Knapp’s model of interaction stages, symbolic public gestures show the world that a relationship exists usually occur which stage in interpersonal relationships?	bonding
Social exchange theory suggests that we often seek out other people who can give us	rewards greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them
Molly makes an excuse not to attend a party she knows Jack is invited to. She’s most likely in which stage with Jack?	avoiding
Almost every message has	both a content and a relational dimension
The degree to which the partners in an interpersonal relationship like or appreciate one another is called	affinity
One of the key differences between marriages that end in separation and those that are restored to their former intimacy is	the communication that occurs when the partners are unsatisfied
According to your text, the process of getting to know others by gaining more information about them is	uncertainty reduction
Relationships	all of these choices are true about relationships
Speed daters are most influenced by which factor?	appearance
According to research., most listeners retain 70% of a message for several weeks.	False
There is no single "best" listening style to use in all situations	True
A good listener will always state her own judgment of the situation so the other person knows where she stands on the issue	False
We spend more time listening than in any other type of communication	True
During careful listening, your heart rate will quicken and your body temp will rise	True
Studies show that good listeners keep eye contact and react with appropriate facial expressions	True
Speaking is an active process; listening is a passive activity	False
Questioning and paraphrasing are both forms of feedback	True
Counterfeit questions are aimed at understanding others	False
When you are paraphrasing, you need to repeat what the speaker has said word for word	False
Whereas hearing is a physiological process, attending is a psychological one	True
The residual message is the part of the message that we actually remember	True
Interruptions are one characteristic of stage-hogging	True
Women are more likely than men to give supportive responses when presented with another person’s problems	True
All of the following are ineffective listening styles mentioned in the text except	signal listening
Which best describes the relationship between our rate of hearing speech and the average rate of speaking?	We can listen 46 times faster than an average person speaks
The process of using questioning and paraphrasing messages is a type of	Perception checking
Giving only the appearance of being attentive is termed	pseudo listening
When you try to reflect the underlying theme in a statement, you are engaging in	paraphrasing
Your roommate gives you the appearance of listening to you, but you can tell from her responses that her mind is elsewhere. You can call her listening style in this instance	pseudo listening
Harper listens carefully to her instructors as he discusses the upcoming exam since she hopes to get an A. This illustrates what step in the listening process?	attending
The residual message is	the part of the message we remember
"Are you finally off the phone" is an example of a question that	makes a statement
"I’m here if you need me" is an example of what type of listening response?	supporting
"Your mother drives you nuts? Let me tell you about mine!" is an example of what type of ineffective listening?	stage-hogging