With certain exceptions, when must each occupant of an aircraft wear an approved parachute?

91.155 BASIC VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS

Accessibility score: Low Click to improveppkt.pngAn airplane may be operated clear of clouds in Class G airspace at night below 1,200 ft. AGL when the visibility is less than 3 SM but more than 1 SM in an airport traffic pattern and within 1/2 NM of the runway.Except when operating under a special VFR clearance,You may not operate your airplane beneath the ceiling under VFR within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport when the ceiling is less than 1,000 ft.You may not take off, land, or enter the traffic pattern of an airport in Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace unless the ground visibility is at least 3 SM. If ground visibility is not reported, flight visibility must be at least 3 SM.

91.157 SPECIAL VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS

With some exceptions, special VFR clearances can be requested in Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace areas. You must remain clear of clouds and have visibility of at least 1 SM.Flight under special VFR clearance at night is only permitted if the pilot has an instrument rating and the aircraft is IFR equipped.Special VFR is an ATC clearance obtained from the control tower. If there is no control tower, obtain the clearance from the appropriate air traffic control facility.

91.159 VFR CRUISING ALTITUDE OR FLIGHT LEVEL

Specified altitudes are required for VFR cruising flight at more than 3,000 ft. AGL and below 18,000 ft. MSL.The altitude prescribed is based upon the magnetic course (not magnetic heading).The altitude is prescribed in ft. above mean sea level (MSL).Use an odd thousand-foot MSL altitude plus 500 ft. for magnetic courses of 0° to 179°, e.g., 3,500, 5,500, 7,500 ft.Use an even thousand-foot MSL altitude plus 500 ft. for magnetic courses of 180° to 359°, e.g., 4,500, 6,500, or 8,500 ft.As a memory aid, remember “East is odd; west is even odder.”

91.203 CIVIL AIRCRAFT: CERTIFICATIONS REQUIRED

No person may operate a civil aircraft unless the aircraft has a U.S. airworthiness certificate displayed in a manner that makes it legible to passengers and crew.To operate a civil aircraft, a valid U.S. registration issued to the owner of the aircraft must be on board.

91.207 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTERSELT

batteries must be replaced (or recharged, if rechargeable) after 1 cumulative hr. of use or after 50% of their useful life expires.ELTs may only be tested on the ground during the first 5 min. after the hour. No airborne checks are allowed.ELTs are required to be inspected every 12 months for proper installation, battery corrosion, operation of the controls and crash sensor, and the presence of a sufficient signal radiated from its antenna.

91.209 AIRCRAFT LIGHTS

Airplanes operating (on the ground or in the air) between sunset and sunrise must display lighted position (navigation) lights, except in Alaska.

91.211 SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN

All occupants must be provided with oxygen in an airplane operated at cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 ft. MSL.Pilots and crewmembers may not operate an airplane at cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 ft. MSL up to and including 14,000 ft. MSL for more than 30 min. without supplemental oxygen.Pilots and crewmembers must use supplemental oxygen at cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 ft. MSL.

91.215 ATC TRANSPONDER AND ALTITUDE REPORTING EQUIPMENT AND USE

All aircraft must have and use an altitude-encoding transponder when operatingWithin Class A airspaceWithin Class B airspaceWithin 30 NM of the Class B airspace primary airportWithin and above Class C airspaceAbove 10,000 ft. MSL except at and below 2,500 ft. AGLTo enter Class B airspace, you must submit a request for a deviation from the controlling ATC facility at least 1 hr. before the proposed flight.

91.307 PARACHUTES AND PARACHUTING

With certain exceptions, each occupant of an aircraft must wear an approved parachute during any intentional maneuver exceeding60° bank orA nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30°.Parachutes that are available for emergency use must be packed within a specific time period, based on the materials from which they are constructed.Parachutes that include a canopy, shrouds, and harness that are composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or other similar synthetic fibers must have been repacked by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger within the preceding 180 days.Parachutes that include any part that is composed of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber or materials must be repacked by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger within the preceding 60 days.

91.313 RESTRICTED CATEGORY CIVIL AIRCRAFT: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

Restricted category civil aircraft may not normally be operatedOver densely populated areas,In congested airways, orNear a busy airport where passenger transport is conducted.

91.319 AIRCRAFT HAVING EXPERIMENTAL CERTIFICATES: OPERATING LIMITATIONS

No person may operate an aircraft that has an experimental or restricted certificate over a densely populated area or in a congested airway unless authorized by the FAA.

91.403 GENERAL

The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition and for complying with all Airworthiness Directives (ADs).An operator is a person who uses, or causes to use or authorizes to use, an aircraft for the purpose of air navigation, including the piloting of an aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (i.e., owner, lessee, or otherwise).Thus, the pilot in command is also responsible for ensuring that the aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition and that there is compliance with all ADs.

91.405 MAINTENANCE REQUIRED

Each owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that maintenance personnel make the appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service.

91.407 OPERATION AFTER MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING, OR ALTERATION

When aircraft alterations or repairs change the flight characteristics, the aircraft must be test flown and approved for return to service prior to carrying passengers.The pilot test flying the aircraft must be at least a private pilot and rated for the type of aircraft being tested.

91.409 INSPECTIONS

Annual inspections expire on the last day of the 12th calendar month after the previous annual inspection.All aircraft that are used for compensation or hire, including flight instruction, must be inspected on a 100-hr. basis in addition to the annual inspection.100-hr. inspections are due every 100 hr. from the prior due time, regardless of when the inspection was actually performed.

91.413 ATC TRANSPONDER TESTS AND INSPECTIONS

No person may use an ATC transponder unless it has been tested and inspected within the preceding 24 calendar months.91.417 MAINTENANCE RECORDS

An airplane may not be flown unless it has been given an annual inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months.The annual inspection expires after 1 year, on the last day of the month of issuance.The completion of the annual inspection and the airplane’s return to service should be appropriately documented in the airplane maintenance records.The documentation should include the current status of airworthiness directives and the method of compliance.The airworthiness of an airplane can be determined by a preflight inspection and a review of the maintenance records.

91.421 REBUILT ENGINE MAINTENANCE RECORDSA new maintenance record, without previous operating history, may be used for an aircraft engine rebuilt by the manufacturer or by an agency approved by the manufacturer.

91.519 PASSENGER BRIEFINGS

The pilot in command is responsible for ensuring that all passengers have been orally briefed prior to takeoff. The areas that should constitute this briefing areSmoking,Use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses,Location and means of opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits,Location of survival equipment,Ditching procedures and the use of flotation equipment, and Normal and emergency use of oxygen equipment if installed in the airplane.

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Parachute usage is covered in 14 CFR 91.307. Section (c) of this regulation applies to aircraft during aerobatic maneuvers. It states: "(c) Unless each occupant of the aircraft is wearing an approved parachute, no pilot of a civil aircraft carrying any person (other than a crewmember) may execute any intentional maneuver that exceeds -- (1) A bank of 60 degrees relative to the horizon; or

(2) A nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30 degrees relative to the horizon."

Note that this regulation states that, during aerobatic flight, all persons in the aircraft must have a parachute whenever people OTHER THAN CREWMEMBER(S) are carried. Therefore, when the only person on board is the pilot, and no others are carried, a parachute is not required. However, when a passenger is carried in an aircraft during aerobatics, all persons on board INCLUDING crewmember(s) are required to be wearing parachutes.