What is the end result of cirrhosis?

1. Shaheen NJ, Hansen RA: The burden of gastrointestinal and liver disease, 2006. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2128–2138 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Everhart JE. Ch. 21: Liver Disease. In: Everhart JE. (ed): The Burden of Digestive Diseases in the United States. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Government Printing Office, NIH Publication No. 09-6443, 2008, pp. 111–114 [Google Scholar]

3. Centers for Disease Control: National Center for Health Statistics. Fast Stats. www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/liverdis.htm (Last accessed June8, 2010)

4. Charlton M: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of current understanding and future impact. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1048–1058 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Freeman RB, Jr, Steffick DE: Liver and intestine transplantation in the United States, 1997–2006. Am J Transplant 2008;8:958–976 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Kim SH, Oh EG: Symptom experience in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31:326–334 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Lang CA, Conrad S: Symptom prevalence and clustering of symptoms in people living with chronic Hepatitis C infection. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;31:335–344 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Desbiens NA, Wu AW: Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized patients: Findings from SUPPORT research investigators. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1957–1961 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Roth K, Lynn J: Dying with end stage liver disease with cirrhosis: Insights from SUPPORT. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;28:S122–130 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Abrams GA, Concato J: Muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1363–1366 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Younossi ZM, McCormick M: Impact of liver transplantation on health-related quality of life. Liver Transpl 2000;6:779–783 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Saab S, Ibrahim AB: MELD fails to measure quality of life in liver transplant candidates. Liver Transpl 2005;11:218–223 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Kanwal F, Hays RD: Are physician-derived disease severity indices associated with health-related quality of life in patients with end-stage liver disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1726–1732 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Marchesini G, Bianchi G: Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2001;120:170–178 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Diaz-Dominguez R, Perez-Bernal J: Quality of life in patients with kidney, liver, or heart failure during the waiting list period. Transplantation Proc 2006;38:2459–2461 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Karam V, Castaing D: Longitudinal prospective evaluation of quality of life in adult patients before and one year after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003;9:703–711 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Bianchi G, Marchesini G: Psychological status and depression in patients with liver cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2005;37:593–600 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Singh N, Gayowski T: Depression in patients with cirrhosis: Impact on outcome. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1421–1427 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Santos GR, Boin IF: Anxiety levels observed in candidates for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010;42:513–516 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G: Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: A systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006;44:217–231 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Dolan B, Arnold R: Prognosis in decompensated chronic liver failure. Fast Facts and Concepts. September2007;189. www.eperc.mcw.edu/EPERC/FastFactsIndex/ff_189.htm (Last accessed March31, 2014)

22. Reisfield GM, Wilson GR: Prognostication in heart failure. Fast Facts and Concepts. October2005;143. www.eperc.mcw.edu/EPERC/FastFactsIndex/ff_143.htm (Last accessed March31, 2014)

23. Childers JW, Arnold R: Prognosis in end-stage COPD. Fasts Facts and Concepts. August2005;141. www.eperc.mcw.edu/EPERC/FastFactsIndex/ff_141.htm (Last accessed March31, 2014)

24. Arvaniti V, D'Amico G: Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1246–1256 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Gines A, Escorsell A: Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993;105:229–236 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Sanchez W, Talwalkar JA: Palliative care for patients with end-stage liver disease ineligible for liver transplantation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2006;35:201–219 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Cardenas A, Gines P: Management of complications of cirrhosis in patients awaiting liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2005;42:S124–133 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Roberts MS, Angus DC: Survival after liver transplantation in the United States: A disease specific analysis of the UNOS database. Liver Transpl 2004;10:886–897 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Bjork IT, Naden D: Patients' experiences of waiting for a liver transplantation. Nurs Inq 2008;15:289–298 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Brown J, Sorrell JH: Waiting for a liver transplant. Qual Health Res 2006;16:119–136 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Martin SC, Stone AM: Medical, personal, and social forms of uncertainty across the transplantation trajectory. Qual Health Res 2010;20:182–196 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Poonja Z, Brisebois A: Patients with cirrhosis and denied liver transplants rarely receive adequate palliative care or appropriate management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:692–698 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Koch M, Banys P: Liver transplantation and opioid dependence. JAMA 2001;285:1056–1058 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Spray JW, Willett K: Dosage adjustment for hepatic dysfunction based on Child-Pugh scores. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64:690–693 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Chandok N, Watt KD: Pain management in the cirrhotic patient: The clinical challenge. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:451–458 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Rhee C, Broadbent AM: Palliation and liver failure: Palliative medications dosage guidelines. J Palliat Med 2007;10:677–685 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Verbeeck RK: Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:1147–1161 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Benson GD, Koff RS: The therapeutic use of acetaminophen in patients with liver disease. Am J Ther 2005;12:133–141 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Stanley MM, Ochi S: Peritoneovenous shunting as compared with medical treatment in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive ascites. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Treatment of Alcoholic Cirrhosis with Ascites. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1632–1638 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Gines P: EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010;53:397–417 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Fleming ND, Alvarez-Secord A: Indwelling catheters for the management of refractory malignant ascites: A systematic literature overview and retrospective chart review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;38:341–349 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Kundu S, Bettman MA: The safety and efficacy of tunneled, indwelling peritoneal catheter drainage for refractory, non-malignant ascites. Program No. P1337. ACG 2012 Annual Scientific Meeting Abstracts. American College of Gastroenterology Las Vegas, NV [Google Scholar]

43. Van Thiel DH, Moore CM: Continuous peritoneal drainage of large-volume ascites. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:2723–2727 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL: Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: Systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ 2004;328:1046. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Sharma BC, Sharma P: Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: An open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology 2009;137:885–891 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Wu D, Wu SM: Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013;2013:236963. doi: 10.1155/2013/236963 Epub 2013 Apr 3 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Childers JW, Arnold R: Hepatic encephalopathy in ESLD. Fast Facts and Concepts. September2007;188. www.eperc.mcw.edu/EPERC/FastFactsIndex/ff_188.htm (Last accessed August16, 2011)

48. Freeborne N, Lynn J: Insights about dying from the SUPPORT project. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:S199–205 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Wachter RM, Luce JM: Decisions about resuscitation: inequities among patients with different disease but similar prognoses. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:525–532 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Bramstedt KA: Hoping for a miracle: Supporting patients in transplantation and cardiac assist programs. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2008;2:252–255 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Rodrigue JR, Dimitri N: Quality of life and psychosocial functioning of spouse/partner caregivers before and after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011;25:239–247 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Cohen M, Katz D: Stress among the family caregivers of liver transplant recipients. Prog Transplant 2007;17:48–53 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Miyazaki ET, Dos Santos R JR: Patients on waiting list for liver transplantation: caregiver burden and stress. Liver Transpl 2010;16:1164–1168 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Hanks G, Cherny N, Christakis N. (eds): Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009 [Google Scholar]

55. Prognostic indicator guidance to aid identification of adult patients with advanced disease, in the last months/year of life, who are in need of supportive and palliative care. Royal College of General Practioners; Gold Standards Framework, PIP 2.24, 2006. www.goldstandardsframework.org.uk (Last accessed June10, 2010)

56. Kitching M: Physicians' Perceptions of the Palliative Care Needs of Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Powerpoint. Bolton Research Forum in Health & Wellbeing Conference, 2007 [Google Scholar]

57. Song MK, Devito Dabbs A: Palliative care referrals after lung transplantation in major transplant centers in the United States. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1288–1292 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Hope AA, Morrison RS: “Advanced Liver Disease, Chapters 53 & 54” Evidence-Based Practice of Palliative Medicine [Google Scholar]

59. Goldstein NE, Morrison RS. (eds). Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA: 2012. 300–311 [Google Scholar]

60. Larson AM, Curtis JR: Integrating palliative care for liver transplant candidates: “Too well for transplant, too sick for life.” JAMA 2006;295:2168–2176 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. American College of Surgeons Committee on Ethics and Task Force on Surgical Palliative Care: Statement on principles of palliative care. www.facs.org/fellows_info/statements/st-50.html (Last accessed June8, 2010)

62. Molmenti EP, Dunn GP: Transplantation and palliative care: The convergence of two seemingly opposite realities. Surg Clin North Am 2005;85:373–382 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Rossaro L, Troppmann C: A strategy for the simultaneous provision of pre-operative palliative care for patients awaiting liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2004;17:473–475 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Lamba S, Murphy P: Changing end-of-life care practice for liver transplant service patients: Structured palliative care intervention in the surgical intensive care unit. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012;44:508–519 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ: Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure. Circulation 2009;120:2597–2606 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Stuart B: Palliative care and hospice in advanced heart failure. J Palliat Med 2007;10:210–228 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Toevs C: Palliative medicine in the surgical intensive care unit and trauma. Surg Clin North Am 2011;91:325–331 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Fox E, Landrum-McNiff K: Evaluation of prognostic criteria for determining hospice eligibility in patients with advanced lung, heart, or liver disease. SUPPORT investigators. JAMA 1999;282:1638–1645 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Hospice Facts and Figures. Arlington, VA: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 2003 [Google Scholar]

70. Christakis NA, Escarce JJ: Survival of Medicare patients after enrollment in hospice programs. N Engl J Med 1996;335:172–178 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Antaki F, Lukowski A: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) predicts survival of liver cirrhosis patients after discharge to hospice. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41:412–415 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Abrahm JL, Hansen-Flaschen J: Hospice care for patients with advanced lung disease. Chest 2002;121:220–229 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Medici V, Rossaro L: The utility of the model for end-stage liver disease score: a reliable guide for liver transplant candidacy and, for select patients, simultaneous hospice referral. Liver Transpl 2008;14:1100–1106 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Iredale J: End-stage chronic liver disease: Time to define a good death. Hepatology June 2008;47:1799–1800 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

What is the end result of cirrhosis?

Journal of Palliative Medicine