Socialization is the lifelong process of preparing an individual to live within his or her own society.
Discuss the concept of both primary and secondary socialization as a lifelong process which begins in infancy and continues into late adulthood
- Socialization is the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society.
- Socialization is the process by which human infants acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, a process that continues throughout an individual's life.
- The socialization process can be divided into primary and secondary socialization. Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. This is mainly influenced by the immediate family and friends.
- Secondary socialization is the process of learning what is the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is the behavioral patterns reinforced by socializing agents of society. like schools and workplaces.
- The life course approach was developed in the 1960s for analyzing people's lives within structural, social and cultural contexts.
- socialization: The process of learning one's culture and how to live within it.
- agent: One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor.
Life Course Approach: The life course approach studies the impact that sociocultural contexts have on an individual's development, from infancy until old age.
The life course approach analyzes people's lives within structural, social, and cultural contexts.
Explain the life course perspective as it relates to a person's development from infancy to old age, in terms of structural, social and cultural contexts
- The life course approach refers to an approach developed in the 1960s for analyzing people's lives within structural, social, and cultural contexts.
- The life course approach examines an individual's life history and sees for example how early events influence future decisions and events, giving particular attention to the connection between individuals and the historical and socioeconomic context in which they lived.
- In a more general reading of the life course, human life is seen as divided into stages, which are somewhat arbitrary, but capture periods of life that are similar across cultures. These stages of life often inform and are reinforced by legal definitions of life stages.
- socioeconomic: Of or pertaining to social and economic factors.
- life course: the sequence of events, roles and age categories that people pass through from birth until death, all of which are culturally defined
- age: Mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities.
Old Age: This man is well into his later years and depicts life in its final stages.
In many countries, such as Sweden and the United States, adulthood legally begins at the age of eighteen. This is a major age milestone that is marked by significantly different attitudes toward the person who undergoes the transition. This is an example that demonstrates the influence of developmental stages on legal determinations of life stages, and thus, attitudes towards people at different stages of the human life course.
Infant: This picture depicts an individual at the earliest of life stages.
Anticipatory socialization comes from an individual's desire to join a group while resocialization is imposed upon an individual by a group.
Explain the two steps associated with the resocialization process and how people use anticipatory socialization as a means to gain entrance into desired social groups
- Anticipatory socialization is the process of changing one's attitudes and behaviors in preparation for a shift in one's role.
- The process of anticipatory socialization is facilitated by social interactions with the group they aspire to join.
- Resocialization is radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling their environment.
- Resocialization is a two-part process. First, the staff of the institution tries to erode the residents' identities and independence. Second, there is a systematic attempt to build a different personality or self.
- Social interactions: It refers to a relationship between two (i.e. a dyad), three (i.e. a triad) or more individuals (e.g. a social group).
- Anticipatory socialization: Anticipatory socialization is the process, facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group-members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it.
Guitar Lessons: The young woman is interacting with her professor in anticipation of being associated with other guitarists
The socialization process can be separated into two main stages: primary socialization and secondary socialization.
Give examples of how the socialization process progresses throughout a person's life
- The life process of socialization is generally divided into two parts: primary and secondary socialization.
- Primary socialization takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent. This is when an individual develops their core identity.
- Secondary socialization takes place throughout an individual's life, both as a child and as one encounters new groups. This involves more specific changes in response to the acquisition of new group memberships and roles and differently structured social situations.
- Some of the more significant contributors to the socialization process are: parents, guardians, friends, schools, siblings or other family members, social clubs (like religions or sports teams), life partners (romantic or platonic), and co-workers.
- secondary socialization: The socialization that takes place throughout one's life, both as a child and as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization.
- primary socialization: The socialization that takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent.
Primary Socialization: The nuclear family serves as the primary force of socialization for young children.
Primary socialization takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent. Secondary socialization refers to the socialization that takes place throughout one's life, both as a child and as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization. While there are scholars who argue that only one or the other of these occurs, most social scientists tend to combine the two, arguing that the basic or core identity of the individual develops during primary socialization, with more specific changes occurring later—secondary socialization—in response to the acquisition of new group memberships and roles and differently structured social situations. The need for later-life socialization may stem from the increasing complexity of society with its corresponding increase in varied roles and responsibilities.
Secondary Socialization: By the time individuals are in their preteen or teenage years, peer groups play a more powerful role in socialization than family members.
Mortimer and Simmons outline three specific ways these two parts of socialization differ:- Content: Socialization in childhood is thought to be concerned with the regulation of biological drives. In adolescence, socialization is concerned with the development of overarching values and the self-image. In adulthood, socialization involves more overt and specific norms and behaviors, such as those related to the work role as well as more superficial personality features.
- Context: In earlier periods, the socializee (the person being socialized) more clearly assumes the status of learner within the context of the initial setting (which may be a family of orientation, an orphanage, a period of homelessness, or any other initial social groups at the beginning of a child's life), the school (or other educational context), or the peer group. Also, relationships in the earlier period are more likely to be affectively charged, i.e., highly emotional. In adulthood, though the socializee takes the role of student at times, much socialization occurs after the socializee has assumed full incumbency of the adult role. There is also a greater likelihood of more formal relationships due to situational contexts (e.g., work environment), which moderates down the affective component.
- Response: The child and adolescent may be more easily malleable than the adult. Also, much adult socialization is self-initiated and voluntary; adults can leave or terminate the process at any time if they have the proper resources (symbolic, financial, and social) to do so.
Childhood has been constructed in different ways over time, though modern childhood is often defined by play, learning and socializing.
Evaluate the importance of childhood (early, middle and adolescence) in terms of socialization and acceptance in society
- Contemporary conceptions of childhood generally divide the period into three main stages: early childhood ( toddlerhood ), middle childhood, and adolescence.
- Childhood is not an absolute concept defined by age and experience. Instead, childhood as a concept has been conceived in very different manners over time.
- American culture figures outdoor play as an essential part of childhood, though the reality is that children are increasingly playing indoors.
- toddlerhood: The period of one's life in which one is a toddler
- adolescence: The transitional period of physical and psychological development between childhood and maturity.
- middle childhood: It is the school age and begins at around seven or eight.
Play: Play is essential for the cognitive, physical, and social wellbeing of children.
Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them, particularly in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills. Play is considered to be so important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child. Raising children in a hurried and pressured style may limit the benefits they would gain from child-driven play.American culture considers outdoor play as an essential part of childhood. However, the reality is that children are increasingly playing indoors. Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by Richard Louv in his 2005 book Last Child in the Woods, refers to the alleged trend in the United States that children are spending less time outdoors, resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems. With the advent of the computer, video games, and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. On average, American children spend forty-four hours per week with electronic media. Parents are also keeping children indoors in order to protect them from their growing fear of stranger danger.
Kids playing in the street: Children street culture transforms seemingly normal places into imaginative worlds
Adolescence is a period of significant cognitive, physical and social development, including changes in family and peer relationships.
Discuss the influences on, and significance of, adolescent socialization and development, culminating in the development of autonomy
- In addition to biological and social development, adolescents are also subject to a varied experiences across cultures depending on norms and expectations around sexuality, autonomy and occupation.
- Today, media has a significant influence on the experience and conceptions of adolescents, particularly in Westernized societies.
- The experience of adolescence is influenced by external factors like cultural norms and the media.
- adolescence: The transitional period of physical and psychological development between childhood and maturity.
- puberty: the age at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction
- Emotional autonomy is the development of more adult-like close relationship with adults and peers
- Behavioral autonomy, is the ability to make independent decisions and follow through with them
- Cognitive autonomy is characterized as the manifestation of an independent set of beliefs, values and opinions
Adolescent Flirtation: Adolescence is a time of social and sexual exploration.
Coming of age traditions, while different across the world, are seen in almost every society.
Discuss how a young person "comes of age", particularly in the context of religion or rituals
- In many cultures, the transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by a coming of age tradition. In some, such traditions are associated with the arrival of sexual maturity in early adolescence; in others, it is associated with the arrival of new religious responsibilities.
- Often, coming of age traditions are religious, and signify that the individual is taking on a different role in his or her religious life, such as the Jewish bar mitzvah or Hindu ceremonies celebrating maturity.
- Other times these traditions are secular in nature and can range from legal benefits to extravagant parties.
- coming of age: A person's journey from childhood or adolescence to adulthood.
Bar Mitzvah: This thirteen-year-old boy is dressed in the religious garb and symbols of the Jewish faith on the day of his bar mitzvah. He is about to be recognized as an adult by the Jewish community.
People marry for love, for socioeconomic stability, to start a family, and to create obligations between one another.
Assess the importance of the institution of marriage, as well as the various reasons why people enter into a marriage
- Marriage rituals and traditions have changed significantly over time and vary across cultures.
- Marriage is a personal and sentimental act as well as one that often has religious and legal implications and significance.
- As of 2003, one's level of educational attainment was a significant predictor of the educational attainment of one's spouse.
- same-sex marriage: A marriage that unifies two people of the same sex either legally or only symbolically.
- marriage: The union of two (or sometimes more) people, usually to the exclusion of all others.
- procreation: The sexual activity of conceiving and bearing biological offspring.
Same-Sex Marriage: In some states and countries, homosexual couples can get legally married.
The ceremony in which a marriage is enacted and announced to the community is called a wedding. The reasons people marry vary widely, but usually include publicly and formally declare their love, the formation of a single household unit, legitimizing sexual relations and procreation, social and economic stability, and the education and nurturing of children. A marriage can be declared by a wedding ceremony, which may be performed either by a religious officiator or through a similar government-sanctioned secular process. The act of marriage creates obligations between the individuals involved and, in some societies, between the parties' extended families. Marriages are perpetual agreements with legal consequences, terminated only by the death of one party or by formal dissolution processes, such as divorce and annulment. Schwartz and Mare examined trends in marriage over time and found that the old maxim "opposites attract" is less accurate of marriage than the maxim "birds of a feather flock together. " Their research focused on one specific similarity in marital partners: education. They found that the correlation of educational levels of American married couples decreased in similarity slightly after World War II, but has since increased substantially. As of 2003, one's level of educational attainment was a significant predictor of the educational attainment of one's spouse. People without a high school diploma are unlikely to marry someone with more educational attainment and people with a college degree are likely to marry people with a similar level of educational attainment. Part of the reason why education is so influential in determining the level of education of one's spouse is because people tend to form groups based on levels of education. First, there are the groups formed in the process of becoming educated; many people meet their spouses at school. But jobs after one completes his or her education also tend to be grouped by level of education. As a result, people spend more time with individuals of a similar level of educational attainment. As most people tend to marry or partner with individuals with whom they spend a lot of time, it is not surprising that there is significant educational similarity between spouses. One well-known attribute of marriage is that it tends to have health benefits. Happily married people tend to be healthier than unmarried people. However, unhappily married couples may not receive the same health benefits and may actually be less healthy than their single peers.
Wedding: In many countries, heterosexual weddings have the women dress in traditional white with a veil and the men in a tuxedo.
Middle adulthood is generally accompanied by a decline in physical health and fertility, and an increase in ability to cope with stress.
Discuss the implications of middle age in terms of fading physical health and mortality concerns
- There is much debate over the definition of the period in a person's life called "middle years" or "middle adulthood," but is generally thought to be experienced between the ages of 40 and 65.
- During this time, health begins to decline, but the middle-aged benefit from greater life experiences and less volatile responses to stress.
- Both male and female fertility begin to decline with middle age. Additionally, in developed countries, mortality begins to increase more noticeably each year from age 40 onwards.
- middle age: The period of life between youth and old age; midlife.
- aging: The process of becoming older or more mature.
- advanced maternal age: Increases the risk of a child being born with some disorders, such as Down syndrome.
Middle Age: Diana DeGette, a politician from Colorado, was born in 1957 and is in the middle age stage of life.
Parenting is the process of supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.
Contrast the four parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved
- Parenting is defined by a range of different skills and styles. It is also a continuously changing process as the child grows and develops.
- Parenting challenges and techniques transform continuously over the lifespan of a child.
- Parenting is guided by different philosophies and practices, which inform parenting styles and family structure.
- Developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind identified three main parenting styles in early child development; these were later expanded to four: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved.
- It is important to realize that parenting doesn't end when a child turns 18. Support is needed in a child's life well beyond the adolescent years and continues into middle and later adulthood.
- family planning: Birth control, especially when carried out by monogamous heterosexual couples.
- authoritarian parenting style: Parenting styles can be very rigid and strict. Parents who practice authoritarian style parenting have a strict set of rules and expectations and require rigid obedience.
- parenting: Process of raising and educating a child from birth until adulthood.
- Authoritarian parenting styles can be very rigid and strict. If rules are not followed, punishment is most often used to ensure obedience. There is usually no explanation for punishment except that the child is in trouble and should listen accordingly.
- Authoritative parenting relies on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of punishment. Parents are more aware of a child's feelings and capabilities, and they support the development of a child's autonomy within reasonable limits. There is a give-and-take atmosphere involved in parent-child communication, and both control and support are exercised in authoritative parenting.
- Permissive or Indulgent parenting is most popular in middle class families in Western culture. In these family settings, a child's freedom and autonomy are valued and parents tend to rely mostly on reasoning and explanation. There tends to be little if any punishment or rules in this style of parenting and children are said to be free from external constraints.
- An uninvolved parenting style is when parents are often emotionally absent and sometimes even physically absent. They have no little to no expectation of the child and regularly have no communication. They are not responsive to a child's needs to do not demand anything of them in their behavioral expectations.
- Attachment Parenting: working strengthen the intuitive, psychological, and emotional bond between the primary caregiver and the child
- Helicopter Parenting: over-parenting; parents are constantly involving themselves, interrupting the child's ability to function on their own
- Narcissistic Parenting: parents are driven by their own needs; their children are an extension of their own identity; use their children to live out their dreams
- Positive Parenting: unconditional support, guiding them and supporting them for healthy development
- Slow Parenting: allowing the child to develop their own interests and allowing them to grow into their own person; lots of family time; allowing children to make their own decisions; limit electronics, simplistic toys
- Spiritual Parenting: respecting the child's individuality; making space for child to develop a sense of their own beliefs through their personality and their own potentials
- Strict Parenting: focused on strict discipline; demanding, with high expectations from the parents
- Toxic Parenting: poor parenting; complete disruption of the child's ability to identify one's self and reduced self-esteem; neglecting the needs of the child and abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting style
- Unconditional Parenting: giving unconditional positive encouragement
Parenting: Parents have to tend more to children's basic needs when they are young.
A vocation is an occupation to which an individual is particularly drawn.
Define the meaning of the word "vocation" and how it impacts the choices people make as far as occupations are concerned
- The word " vocation " is often used in a Christian religious context where a vocation is a call by God to the individual.
- A person's vocation is a profession that helps define a person's identity and directs a person's interests.
- Since the origination of Vocational Guidance in 1908, by the engineer Frank Parsons, the use of the term 'vocation' has evolved to include the notion of using our talents and capabilities to good-effect in choosing and enjoying a career.
- career: One's calling in life; a person's occupation; one's profession.
- vocation: An occupation for which a person is suited, trained, or qualified.
Professional Vocations: In common parlance, a vocation refers to one's professional line of work or career, such as being a doctor.
Old age cannot be exactly defined, but it is often associated with certain activities, such as becoming a grandparent or entering retirement.
Discuss some of the implications of old age, particularly in relation to Erikson's "Eight Stages of Life" and age discrimination
- Erik Erikson characterizes old age as a period of "Integrity vs. Despair," during which a person focuses on reflecting back on their life. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets.
- Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction.
- Old age presents some social problems, such as age discrimination. Elderly people are more likely to be victims of abuse, and negative stereotypes are also very common.
- abuse: Physical or verbal maltreatment; injury.
- self-neglect: It refers to behaviors that threaten the person's own health and safety.
Who we are as people is determined by both our genes (nature) and our socialization (nurture).
Discuss socialization in terms of the nature (biology) versus nurture (social) debate
- Some experts assert that who we are is a result of nurture —the relationships and caring that surround us—while others argue that who we are is based entirely in genetics, or " nature."
- Twin studies can provide useful insight into how much a certain trait is due to nurture vs. nature.
- Research demonstrates that who we are is affected by both nature (our genetic and hormonal makeup) and nurture (the social environment in which we are raised). Sociology is most concerned with the way that society ’s influence affects our behavior patterns, made clear by the way behavior varies across class and gender.
- socialization: The process of learning one's culture and how to live within it.
Nature or Nurture?: "Nature versus nurture" describes the debate over the influence of biological versus social influences in socialization.
Sociologists all recognize the importance of socialization for healthy individual and societal development. But how do scholars working in the three major theoretical paradigms approach this topic? Structural functionalists would say that socialization is essential to society, both because it trains members to operate successfully within it and because it perpetuates culture by transmitting it to new generations. Without socialization, a society’s culture would perish as members died off. A conflict theorist might argue that socialization reproduces inequality from generation to generation by conveying different expectations and norms to those with different social characteristics. For example, individuals are socialized differently by gender, social class, and race. As in the illustration of Chris Langan, this creates different (unequal) opportunities. An interactionist studying socialization is concerned with face-to-face exchanges and symbolic communication. For example, dressing baby boys in blue and baby girls in pink is one small way that messages are conveyed about differences in gender roles. Socialization is important because it helps uphold societies and cultures; it is also a key part of individual development. Research demonstrates that who we are is affected by both nature (our genetic and hormonal makeup) and nurture (the social environment in which we are raised). Sociology is most concerned with the way that society’s influence affects our behavior patterns, made clear by the way behavior varies across class and gender.CC licensed content, Shared previously
CC licensed content, Specific attribution
- Life course approach. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_course_approach. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- agent. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- socialization. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Life course approach. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Introduction to Sociology/Aging. Provided by: Wikibooks. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- age. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: //en.wiktionary.org/wiki/age. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- socioeconomic. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Anticipatory socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_socialization. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Resocialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Anticipatory socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- primary socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_socialization. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- secondary socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Childhood. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- adolescence. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- toddlerhood. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Adolescence. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- adolescence. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: //en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adolescence. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- puberty. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: //en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puberty. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Coming of age. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- coming of age. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Introduction to Sociology/Family. Provided by: Wikibooks. Located at: //en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Family#The_Family_Life_Cycle. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- procreation. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- marriage. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- same-sex marriage. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Middle age. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_age. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- aging. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: //en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aging. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- middle age. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Diana DeGette | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4722127235/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Parenting. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- authoritarian parenting style. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- parenting. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- family planning. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Diana DeGette | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4722127235/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Libero Day 2011 in Athens Greece - SCA | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Vocation. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocation. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- career. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- vocation. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Diana DeGette | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4722127235/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Libero Day 2011 in Athens Greece - SCA | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Doctor | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edenpictures/4133664894/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Introduction to Sociology/Aging. Provided by: Wikibooks. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Old age. Provided by: Wikipedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- abuse. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Diana DeGette | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4722127235/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Libero Day 2011 in Athens Greece - SCA | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Doctor | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edenpictures/4133664894/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax, Introduction to Sociology. May 18, 2016. Provided by: OpenStax CNX. Located at: //openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology/pages/1-introduction-to-sociology. License: CC BY: Attribution
- socialization. Provided by: Wiktionary. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- P1000924 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/wealhtheow/3264047987/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Dad | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- infant | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/thesoupboy/182075622/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Jess at guitar lesson | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/andybullock77/3413422661/. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
- Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- THe Buchko Nuclear Family | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/peterhess/3283580040/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- cheerful5 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/naph/5025970538/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Kids playing at Hands Together To Defend the Children Orphanage Drainage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edvolunteers/5043112342/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- ?nhhhey, can you hr m | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/kooklanekookla/2804496404/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Provided by: //Wikimedia. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- jim & fred after wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/sadsnaps/2983578868/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Wedding | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/cameronnordholm/4992681020/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Diana DeGette | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4722127235/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Libero Day 2011 in Athens Greece - SCA | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Doctor | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: //www.flickr.com/photos/edenpictures/4133664894/. License: CC BY: Attribution
- Flickr - The U.S. Army - A family that serves. Provided by: Wikimedia. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright