What are some cultural or spiritual considerations that can be made for palliative care practices?

  1. Fang ML, Malcoe LH, Sixsmith J, Wong LY, Callender M. Exploring traditional end-of-life beliefs, values, expectations, and practices among Chinese women living in England: Informing culturally safe care. Palliat Support Care. 2015;13(5):1261–74.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Seymour J, Payne S, Chapman A, Holloway M. Hospice or home? Expectations of end-of-life care among white and Chinese older people in the UK. Sociol Health Illn. 2007;29(6):872–90.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmed N, Bestall JC, Ahmedzai SH, Payne SA, Clark D, Noble B. Systematic review of the problems and issues of accessing specialist palliative care by patients, carers and health and social care professionals. Palliat Med. 2004;18(6):525–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Evans N, Meñaca A, Andrew EV, Koffman J, Harding R, Higginson IJ, Pool R, Gysels M. Systematic Review of the Primary Research on Minority Ethnic Groups and End-of-Life Care From the United Kingdom. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;43(2):261–86.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Liao S, Ackermann RJ. Interdisciplinary end-of-life care in nursing homes. Clin Gerontol. 2008;31(4):83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Reese DJ. Proposal for a University-Community-Hospice Partnership to Address Organizational Barriers to Cultural Competence. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2011;28(1):22–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brown E, Patel R, Kaur J, Coad J. The Interface Between South Asian Culture and Palliative Care for Children, Young People, and Families-a Discussion Paper. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2013;36(1/2):120–43.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Edwards A, Pang N, Shiu V, Chan C. The understanding of spirituality and the potential role of spiritual care in end-of-life and palliative care: A meta-study of qualitative research. Palliat Med. 2010;24(8):753–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Smith SH. End-of-life care decision-making processes of African American families: implications for culturally-sensitive social work practice. J Ethnic Cult Divers Soc Work. 2004;13(2):1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Brien SE, Lorenzetti DL, Lewis S, Kennedy J, Ghali WA. Overview of a formal scoping review on health system report cards. Implement Sci. 2010;5:2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fang ML, Gerbrandt J, Liwander A, Pederson A. Exploring promising gender-sensitive tobacco and alcohol use interventions: results of a scoping review. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(11):1400–16.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Guide to Knowledge Synthesis [http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/41382.html]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  14. Sperry L. Spiritually Competent Practice With Individuals and Families Dealing With Medical Conditions. Couples Fam Health. 2011;19(4):412–6.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sinclair S, Chochinov HM. Communicating with patients about existential and spiritual issues: SACR-D work. Prog Palliat Care. 2012;20(2):72–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gagliese L, Nissim R, Jovellanos M, Weizblit N, Ellis W, Martin MM, Rodin G. Aging and cultural disparities in pain at the end of life. Geriatr Aging. 2005;8(6):34–6.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Garrido MM, Harrington ST, Prigerson HG. End-of-Life Treatment Preferences: A Key to Reducing Ethnic/Racial Disparities in Advance Care Planning? Cancer. 2014;120:3981–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Smith AK, McCarthy EP, Paulk E, Balboni TA, Maciejewski PK, Block SD, Prigerson HG. Racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning among patients with cancer: impact of terminal illness acknowledgment, religiousness, and treatment preferences. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4131–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Con A. Cross-Cultural Considerations in Promoting Advance Care Planning in Canada. In. Ottawa, Canada: Health Canada; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Johnston G, Vukic A, Parker S. Cultural understanding in the provision of supportive and palliative care: perspectives in relation to an indigenous population. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2013;3:61–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ko E, Roh S, Higgins D. Do Older Korean Immigrants Engage in End-of-Life Communication? Educ Gerontol. 2013;39(8):613–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Puchalski CM, Dorff RE, Hendi IY. Spirituality, religion, and healing in palliative care. Clin Geriatr Med. 2004;20(4):689–714.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Firth S. Diversities in approach to end-of-life care. J Res Nurs. 2005;10(4):455–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Artsanthia J, Mawn BE, Chaiphibalsarisdi P, Nityasuddhi D, Triamchaisri SK. Exploring the Palliative Care Needs of People Living in Thailand With End-Stage Renal Disease A Pilot Study. J Hospice Palliat Nurs. 2011;13(6):403–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gosden T, Forland F, Kristiansen IS, Sutton M, Leese B, Giuffrida A, Sergison M, Pedersen L. Capitation, salary, fee-for-service and mixed systems of payment: effects on the behaviour of primary care physicians. Cochrane database syst rev. 2000;3:CD002215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Samanta J. Equality for followers of South Asian religions in end-of-life care. Nurs Ethics. 2013;20(4):382–91.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bushnaq M. Palliative care in Jordan: Culturally sensitive practice. J Palliat Med. 2008;11(10):1292–3.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cheraghi MA, Payne S, Salsali M. Spiritual aspects of end-of-life care for Muslim patients: experiences from Iran. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2005;11(9):468–74.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Salman K, Zoucha R. Considering faith within culture when caring for the terminally ill Muslim patient and family. J Hospice Palliat Nurs. 2010;12(3):156–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jones K. Diversities in approach to end-of-life: A view from Britain of the qualitative literature. J Res Nurs. 2005;10(4):431–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Evans BC, Ume E. Psychosocial, cultural, and spiritual health disparities in end-of-life and palliative care: Where we are and where we need to go. Nurs Outlook. 2012;60(6):370–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Gorospe EC. Establishing palliative care for American Indians as a public health agenda. Internet J Pain Symp Contr Palliat Care. 2006;4(2):6p.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Moreira-Almeida A, Koenig HG. A cross-cultural study of spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs as components of quality of life. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(6):1486–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Peng N-H, Liu H-L, Chen C-H, Bachman J. Cultural practices and end-of-life decision making in the neonatal intensive care unit in Taiwan. J Transcult Nurs. 2012;23(3):320–6.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Narayanasamy A. Palliative care and spirituality. Indian J Palliat Care. 2007;13(2):32–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Balboni TA, Balboni M, Enzinger AC, Gallivan K, Paulk E, Wright A, Steinhauser K, VanderWeele TJ, Prigerson HG. Provision of Spiritual Support to Patients With Advanced Cancer by Religious Communities and Associations With Medical Care at the End of Life. Jama Intern Med. 2013;173(12):1109–17.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. True G, Phipps EJ, Braitman LE, Harralson T, Harris D, Tester W. Treatment preferences and advance care planning at end of life: The role of ethnicity and spiritual coping in cancer patients. Ann Behav Med. 2005;30(2):174–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bloomer MJ, Al-Mutair A. Ensuring cultural sensitivity for Muslim patients in the Australian ICU: Considerations for care. Australian Crit Care. 2013;26(4):193–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Braun UK, Ford ME, Beyth RJ, McCullough LB. The physician’s professional role in end-of-life decision-making: voices of racially and ethnically diverse physicians. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;80(1):3–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Siriwardena AN, Clark DH. End-of-life care for ethnic minority groups. Clinical Cornerstone. 2004;6(1):43–8.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hsu C-y, O’Connor M, Lee S. Understandings of death and dying for people of Chinese origin. Death Stud. 2009;33(2):153–74.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  43. National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. Chinese American Outreach Guide. Alexandria, United States: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gerdner LA, Cha D, Yang D, Tripp-Reimer T. Circle of life: end-of-life care and death rituals for Hmong-American elders. J Gerontol Nurs. 2007;33(5):20–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Johnson KS, Elbert-Avila KI, Tulsky JA. The influence of spiritual beliefs and practices on the treatment preferences of African Americans: a review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):711–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Nath SB, Kirschman KB, Lewis B, Strumpf NE. Place called LIFE: exploring the advance care planning of African-American PACE enrollees. Soc Work Health Care. 2008;47(3):277–92.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Perkins HS, Cortez JD, Hazuda HP. Cultural beliefs about a patient’s right time to die: An exploratory study. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(11):1240–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Blank RH. End-of-Life Decision Making across Cultures. J Law Med Ethics. 2011;39(2):201–14.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  49. del Río N. The influence of Latino ethnocultural factors on decision making at the end of life: Withholding and withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration. J Soc Work End-of-Life Palliat Care. 2010;6(3-4):125–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kristiansen M, Irshad T, Worth A, Bhopal R, Lawton J, Sheikh A. The practice of hope: a longitudinal, multi-perspective qualitative study among South Asian Sikhs and Muslims with life-limiting illness in Scotland. Ethn Health. 2014;19(1):1–19.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Donovan R, Williams A, Stajduhar K, Brazil K, Marshall D. The influence of culture on home-based family caregiving at end-of-life: A case study of Dutch reformed family care givers in Ontario, Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(3):338–46.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ho ZJ, Radha Krishna LK, Yee CP. Chinese familial tradition and Western influence: a case study in singapore on decision making at the end of life. J Pain Symp Manag. 2010;40(6):932–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ko E, Berkman CS. Role of children in end-of-life treatment planning among Korean American older adults. J Soc Work in End-of-Life Palliat Care. 2010;6(3/4):164–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kongsuwan W, Chaipetch O, Matchim Y. Thai Buddhist families’ perspective of a peaceful death in ICUs. Nurs in Crit Care. 2012;17(3):151–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Bullock K. Social work series. Promoting advance directives among African Americans: a faith-based model. J Palliat Med. 2006;9(1):183–95.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Morita T, Kawa M, Honke Y, Kohara H, Maeyama E, Kizawa Y, Akechi T, Uchitomi Y. Existential concerns of terminally ill cancer patients receiving specialized palliative care in Japan. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(2):137–40.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Carr D. Racial Differences in End-of-Life Planning: Why Don’t Blacks and Latinos Prepare for the Inevitable? Omega: J Death Dying. 2011;63(1):1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cheng H-WB, Li C-W, Chan K-Y, Ho R, Sham M-K. Bringing Palliative Care into Geriatrics in a Chinese Culture Society-Results of a Collaborative Model between Palliative Medicine and Geriatrics Unit in Hong Kong. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(4):779–81.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Thomas R, Wilson DM, Justice C, Birch S, Sheps S. A literature review of preferences for end-of-life care in developed countries by individuals with different cultural affiliations and ethnicity. J Hospice Palliat Nurs. 2008;10(3):142–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Kelley AS, Wenger NS, Sarkisian CA. Opiniones: End-of-Life Care Preferences and Planning of Older Latinos. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(6):1109–16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Duffy SA, Jackson FC, Schim SM, Ronis DL, Fowler KE. Racial/ethnic preferences, sex preferences, and perceived discrimination related to end-of-life care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(1):150–7.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Mitchell BL, Mitchell LC. Review of the literature on cultural competence and end-of-life treatment decisions: The role of the hospitalist. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009;101(9):920–6.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sneesby L, Satchell R, Good P, van der Riet P. Death and dying in Australia: perceptions of a Sudanese community. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(12):2696–702.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Graham N, Gwyther L, Tiso T, Harding R. Traditional healers’ views of the required processes for a “good death” among Xhosa patients pre- and post-death. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2013;46(3):386–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kwak J, Haley WE. Current research findings on end-of-life decision making among racially or ethnically diverse groups. Gerontologist. 2005;45(5):634–41.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Venkatasalu MR, Seymour JE, Arthur A. Dying at home: A qualitative study of the perspectives of older South Asians living in the United Kingdom. Palliat Med. 2014;28(3):264–72.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Taxis JC, Keller T, Cruz V. Mexican Americans and hospice care: culture, control, and communication. J Hospice Palliat Nurs. 2008;10(3):133–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Coleman RG, Thomas J. Gather Round: Understanding How Culture Frames End-of-Life Choices for Patients and Families. In. Oakland, United States: California Healthcare Foundation; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Chan J, Kayser-Jones J. The experience of dying for Chinese nursing home residents: cultural considerations. J Gerontol Nurs. 2005;31(8):26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Hanssen I, Pedersen G. Pain relief, spiritual needs, and family support: Three central areas in intercultural palliative care. Palliat Support Care. 2013;11(6):523–30.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Davidson JE, Boyer ML, Casey D, Matzel SC, Walden CD. Gap analysis of cultural and religious needs of hospitalized patients. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2008;31(2):119–26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Loike J, Gillick M, Mayer S, Prager K, Simon JR, Steinberg A, Tendler MD, Willig M, Fischbach RL. The Critical Role of Religion: Caring for the Dying Patient from an Orthodox Jewish Perspective. J Palliat Med. 2010;13(10):1267–71.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Jang Y, Chiriboga DA, Allen JY, Kwak J, Haley WE. Willingness of Older Korean-American Adults to Use Hospice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(2):352–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Singh A, Freeman M. The important role for nurses in supporting the Asian Hindu patient and family at end of life: providing culturally sensitive end-of-life care. Canadian Oncol Nurs J. 2011;21(1):46–7.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shubha R. End-of-life care in the Indian context: the need for cultural sensitivity. Indian J Palliat Care. 2007;13(2):59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Doorenbos AZ, Schim SM. Cultural competence in hospice. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2004;21(1):28–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Jovanovic M. Cultural Competency and Diversity Among Hospice Palliative Care Volunteers. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2012;29(3):165–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Wesley C, Tunney K, Duncan E. Educational needs of hospice social workers: spiritual assessment and interventions with diverse populations. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2004;21(1):40–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Seale C. The role of doctors’ religious faith and ethnicity in taking ethically controversial decisions during end-of-life care. J Med Ethics. 2010;36(11):677–82.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  80. DeSanto-Madeya S, Nilsson M, Loggers ET, Paulk E, Stieglitz H, Kupersztoch YM, Prigerson HG. Associations between United States acculturation and the end-of-life experience of caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(12):1143–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Pesut B, Reimer-Kirkham S. Situated clinical encounters in the negotiation of religious and spiritual plurality: A critical ethnography. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(7):815–25.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Rao AS, Desphande OM, Jamoona C, Reid CM. Elderly Indo-Caribbean Hindus and end-of-life care: a community-based exploratory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(6):1129–33.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Phua J, Kee AC-L, Tan A, Mukhopadhyay A, See KC, Aung NW, Seah AST, Lim TK. End-of-Life Care in the General Wards of a Singaporean Hospital: An Asian Perspective. J Palliat Med. 2011;14(12):1296–301.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Deshpande O, Reid MC, Rao AS. Attitudes of Asian-Indian Hindus toward end-of-life care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(1):131–5.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Huang Y-L, Yates P, Prior D. Factors influencing oncology nurses approaches to accommodating cultural needs in palliative care. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(24):3421–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Saccomano SJ, Abbatiello GA. Cultural Considerations at the end of life. Nurse Pract. 2014;39(2):24–32.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Chettih M. Turning the Lens Inward: Cultural Competence and Providers’ Values in Health Care Decision Making. Gerontologist. 2012;52(6):739–47.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Yapp KA. Culture and End-of-Life Care: An Epidemiological Evaluation of Physicians. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2012;29(2):106–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Ellman MS, Schulman-Green D, Blatt L, Asher S, Viveiros D, Clark J, Bia M. Using online learning and interactive simulation to teach spiritual and cultural aspects of palliative care to interprofessional students. J Palliat Med. 2012;15(11):1240–7.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Schim SM, Doorenbos AZ, Borse NN. Enhancing Cultural Competence Among Hospice Staff. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2006;23(5):404–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Doorenbos AZ, Lindhorst T, Schim SM, Van Schaik E, Demiris G, Wechkin HA, Curtis JR. Development of a web-based educational intervention to improve cross-cultural communication among hospice providers. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care. 2010;6(3/4):236–55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Feldstein BD, Grudzen M, Johnson A, LeBaron S. Integrating spirituality and culture with end-of-life care in medical education. Clin Gerontol. 2008;31(4):71–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Halm MA, Evans R, Wittenberg A, Wilgus E. Broadening cultural sensitivity at the end of life: an interprofessional education program incorporating critical reflection. Holist Nurs Pract. 2012;26(6):335–49.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Curriculum in Ethnogeriatrics: Core Curriculum and Ethnic Specific Modules [http://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnoger/]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  95. Taylor EJ. Religion: a clinical guide for nurses. New York, United States: Springer Publishing Company; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Dimensions of Culture: Cross-Cultural Communications for Healthcare Professionals [http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/11/cultural-aspects-of-death-and-dying/]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  97. Cultural Diversity and EoL Care [http://coalitionccc.org/what-we-do/cultural-diversity-eol-care/]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  98. Hallenbeck J, Katz S, Stratos G. End-of-Life Care Curriculum for Medical Teachers. Palo Alto, United States: Stanford University; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Multicultural End-of-Life Care: Dying and Diversity [http://www.mywhatever.com/cifwriter/library/36/acc559.html].Accessed 6 August 2014.

  100. Latino Families and Hospice [http://americanhospice.org/learning-about-hospice/latino-families-and-hospice/]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  101. Palliative Care [http://www.culturaldiversity.com.au/resources/practice-guides/palliative-care]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  102. About Palliative Care [http://www.caresearch.com.au/caresearch/tabid/943/Default.aspx]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  103. TED: Life That Doesn’t End With Death. In: TED Talks. New York, NY: 2013.

  104. Thomas B. Living Well With Cancer - A Chinese Canadian Perspective. Chinese Canadian Stories of Cancer Survivorship. New York, NY: CancerBridges; 2014.

  105. LGBT End of Life Conversations [http://www.sfu.ca/lgbteol.html]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  106. Foundation L. On the Other Side. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Tan JOA, Chin JJL. What Doctors Say About Care of the Dying. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Richardson IP. My Emotional Will. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Foundation L. Life Before Death. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Heyman JC, Gutheil IA. Older Latinos’ attitudes toward and comfort with end-of-life planning. Health Soc Work. 2010;35(1):17–26.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Perry E, Swartz J, Brown S, Smith D, Kelly G, Swartz R. Peer mentoring: a culturally sensitive approach to end-of-life planning for long-term dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(1):111–9.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Zaide GB, Pekmezaris R, Nouryan CN, Mir TP, Sison CP, Liberman T, Lesser ML, Cooper LB, Wolf-Klein GP. Ethnicity, race, and advance directives in an inpatient palliative care consultation service. Palliat Support Care. 2013;11(1):5–11.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Foundation L. Living Well - Leaving Well. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  114. What is Palliative Care? [http://palliativecare.org.au/what-is-palliative-care/]. Accessed 6 August 2014.

  115. Foundation L. Happy Coffins. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Wiener L, McConnell DG, Latella L, Ludi E. Cultural and religious considerations in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care. 2013;11(1):47–67.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Jenko M, Moffitt SR. Transcultural nursing principles. J Hospice Palliat Nurs. 2006;8(3):172–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Laguna J, Enguídanos S, Siciliano M, Coulourides-Kogan A. Racial/Ethnic Minority Access to End-of-Life Care: A Conceptual Framework. Home Health Care Serv Q. 2012;31(1):60–83.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Sharma RK, Dy SM. Cross-Cultural Communication and Use of the Family Meeting in Palliative Care. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2011;28(6):437–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. The Joint Commission. Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care. Oakbrook Terrace, United States: The Joint Commission; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Song KB. Living with the End in Mind: A study of How to Increase the Quality of Death in Singapore. In. Singapore: Lien Foundation; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Selman L, Speck P, Barfield RC, Gysels M, Higginson IJ, Harding R. Holistic models for end of life care: Establishing the place of culture. Prog Palliat Care. 2014;22(2):80–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 


Page 2

Search terms
Palliative care ‘End of Life,’ ‘Palliative,’ ‘Care*,’ ‘Advanced,’ ‘Terminal,’ ‘Illness’
Culture ‘Cultur*,’ ‘Ethni*,’ ‘Divers*’
Spirituality ‘Religio*,’ ‘Spiritu*,’ ‘Faith*’
Strategy ‘Intervention*,’ ‘Video*’

  1. Note: The asterisk next to search terms was used to retrieve distinct variations of the root word