Types of research methods in psychology

There are distinct approaches employed in psychological research under each of the two main categories. While this is not an extensive list, it highlights five of the most common strategies used in psychological research. These are the experimental methods, observational techniques, self-report techniques, correlational studies, and case studies.

Experimental methods

The experimental method is a procedure carried out to support or reject a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular variable is manipulated. Experimental studies are classified as quantitative research.

There are mainly four types of experiments in psychology:

Laboratory experiments
Field experiments
Natural experiments
Quasi-experiments

Each type of experiment has strengths and limitations.

Observational techniques

Observational techniques are used when a researcher observes how people behave and act in order to learn more about their ideas, actions, and beliefs. Observation studies are mostly categorised as qualitative in nature. However, they may also be quantitative or both (mixed-methods).

The two main observation techniques are:

Participant observation.
Non-participant observation.

Observations can also be overt and covert, naturalistic and controlled.

Self-report techniques

Self-report techniques refer to data collection approaches in which participants report information about themselves without interference from the experimenter. Ultimately, such methods require respondents to give responses to a set of pre-set questions. Thus, self-report techniques can provide researchers with both quantitative and qualitative data, depending on the set-up of questions.

Self-report techniques can include

Questionnaires.
Interviews.
Psychometric testing

Content analysis is a technique for analysing qualitative data. The researcher will code their data to look for common patterns and themes. They can then analyse and draw conclusions from the patterns and themes they find. Content analysis converts non-numerical data into different categories to make it easy to analyse. This technique is applied to qualitative data such as interview transcripts, videotapes, and audio recordings. The coding standard can vary largely depending on the data used.

Correlational Studies measure the strength and direction of a statistical relationship between two co-variables. Correlational studies are quantitative in nature, and the findings are displayed in scattergrams. There are two types of correlations that the researcher may observe. These are:

Positive correlations (where one variable increases as the other variable increases)

How do umbrella sales increase as the rainy weather increases?

Negative correlations (where one variable increases as the other decreases)

How do hot chocolate sales increase as the temperature decreases?

Case studies

Case studies belong to a qualitative research methodology. Case studies entail an in-depth investigation of persons, groups, communities, or events. They frequently employ a multi-methodological approach that includes participant interviews as well as unobtrusive observations. Case studies in psychology are conducted on targeted participants. A psychology case study typically gathers critical and influential biographical moments from a patient's past, and salient details in the individual's daily life that may drive the development of particular behaviours or thinking.

A famous psychological case study is H.M. From his case study we learned the effect of hippocampal damage on memory.

Research Methods in Psychology - Key takeaways

Research methods in psychology can be divided into two main categories, namely qualitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative research employs numerical data.
Qualitative research employs non-numerical data, the focus is on language.
Experimental methods, observational techniques, self-report techniques, correlational studies and case studies are the five of the most common methodologies employed in psychological research.

Psychology is a varied field. At any time, there is a range of psychology research methods that can be used in a variety of circumstances.

Which method to use depends on the research conducted and the research subjects involved. Often, more than one psychology research method will be used, especially when validating previous research.

Here are five popular psychology research methods and some of their most successful applications.

Naturalistic observation

As the name suggests, this psychology research method involves observing something in its natural environment.

Naturalistic observation is often used when the research subject’s environment can’t be recreated in a lab setting. So, this research method is commonly used when the subjects being studied are in classrooms or workplaces. Another common use of naturalistic observation is to support the validity of other psychology research methods.

One of the major disadvantages of naturalistic observation is that people tend to behave differently when being observed. This drawback was highlighted by the Hawthorne studies which set out to determine whether workers were more productive in brighter light.

Using naturalistic observation, the researchers found that workers more productive as the light got brighter – until the study stopped. Even though the lights stayed up, without the attention of the researchers, workers went back to their old, low production ways.

Survey

If the first question on a survey was, ‘have you ever answered a survey?’, chances are we would get 100 per cent positive results. Surveys are one of the most popular ways to find out what people think and one of the most common research methods in psychology.

The key to lifting the survey from a marketing tool to psychology research method is the random sample. This is a subset of the entire population being studied, chosen at random, to represent the general population better.

A random sample needs the best chance of demonstrating the entire population. To do that, it must be weighted to have the same characteristics of that population. For example, if you wanted to research postgraduate students who read blog posts, you wouldn’t include postgraduate students who don’t read blog posts in your random sample.

Experimental methods

Experimental psychology research methods start with a hypothesis that the researcher hopes to prove, attained by manipulating one independent variable while measuring the result on another dependent variable.

Ideally, these experiments will be conducted in a lab, where other variables are controlled. If that’s possible, then the experiment can be reproduced in other labs for validation.

Both naturalistic observation and surveys, as well as other psychology research methods, can be used as part of an experimental method.

Experimental research can also be conducted in the field, with a limited ability to control other variables. The Good Samaritan experiment of 1973 used this method to determine how likely people are to stop and help when they pass an injured person.

To control outside variables, they told the volunteers in their random sample that the study was about religious education and vocations. They gave them a survey then asked them to walk to another building to deliver a talk. It was on their way that they encountered an injured person – where only 40 per cent of them stopped to help.

Correlational Studies

When it’s not possible to run an experiment, correlational studies can be an effective psychology research method. Correlational studies also make use of naturalistic observation and surveys, as well as archival research. The idea here is to look at two or more variables to identify a relationship between them.

The most important thing to remember is that correlation does not always equal causation. Correlational studies make it possible to study variables that we can’t control, but they don’t provide enough information to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. For this reason, correlational studies are often used in the early stages of a research project.

Correlational studies had a massive impact on every kitchen in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. In the decade prior, ‘town gas’ for cooking was produced locally from coal and delivered by regional gas companies. At the same time, the suicide rate was rising, and it was increasing faster for women than men.

A researcher by the name of Sainsbury identified a relationship between the suicides and ‘town gas’ which contained poisonous carbon monoxide. In this case, correlation was found to be causation.

Throughout the 1960s a massive operation was undertaken to replace ‘town gas’ with natural gas across the United Kingdom. Natural gas has no poisonous carbon monoxide.

In ten years, the suicide rate from carbon monoxide poisoning dropped by around 80 per cent, while the overall suicide rate dropped by about 30 per cent.

Case study

All of these psychology research methods can be used as part of a case study, which focuses on one individual or a group – usually over a long period of time. Because only one case is involved, it’s difficult to extrapolate this type of research to broader populations. It also raises ethical issues around the long-term participation of those involved.

When Henry Molaison lost the ability to create new memories after a botched operation to cure epilepsy, he became a case study for over 100 psychologists and neurologists. Suzanne Corkin was one neurologist who spent 46 years working with Molaison until his death in 2008. When Henry died, he donated his brain to research. Corkin describes viewing the ‘tofu-like’ object for the first time with a mix of fascination and human loss for a dear friend.

Before her death in 2016, Corkin was accused of unethical practices during her case study that included shredding source material and not revealing Henry’s pre-existing conditions. This highlights the risk of bias with case study research. Researchers are at risk of bias as they come to know their research subjects – and because they invest so much of their time and effort into the project.

To help you avoid such a predicament, JCU’s Graduate Diploma of Psychology (Bridging) provides a deep understanding of the ethical issues around this and other study methods.

Learn more about our online postgraduate courses. Get in touch with our Enrolment team on 1300 535 919.