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2. Which of the following designs is lowest on the hierarchy of evidence (also known as the pyramid of evidence):a) Case seriesb) Cross sectionalc) Prospective cohortd) Randomised control trial
4. Describe two features of probability sampling (two sentences - 2 marks)
– Provides generalisability– can be time consuming
3. Consider this article citation:Bohn, B., Herbst, A., Pfeifer, M., Krakow, D., Zimny, S., Kopp, F., . . . Holl, R. W. (2015). Impact of physical activity on glycemic control and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional multicenter study of 18,028 patients. Diabetes Care, 38(8), 1536-1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0030The authors undertook interviews with adults who have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.a) Trueb) False
What is a positivist research design?
Positivist prefer scientific quantitative methods, Positivists prefer quantitative methods such as social surveys, structured questionnaires and official statistics because these have good reliability and representativeness.Positivists see society as shaping the individual and believe that ‘social facts’ shape individual action.
What is a interpretivist research design?
Interpretivists prefer humanistic qualitative methodsAn Interpretivist approach to social research would be much more qualitative, using methods such as unstructured interviews or participant observation
1) Which of the following describes single-blind experiments?a) They are experiments in which the subjects don’t know whether they are receiving a real or fake drug or treatmentb) They help reduce placebo effectsc) They help reduce bias in researchd) All of the above
2) In what type of study does a researcher study an individual subject in depth?a) Naturalistic observationb) Laboratory observationc) Case studyd) Survey
3) How can we determine if a test has good validity?a) It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of peopleb) It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is usedc) It measures what it is supposed to measured) All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject
a) It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of people
4) What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?a) Dependent variableb) Independent variablec) Extraneous variabled) None of the above
5) The social desirability bias can affect which of the following?a) The validity of a testb) The reliability of a testc) Self-report datad) None of the above
a) The validity of a test
6) Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?a) Naturalistic observationb) Case studyc) Laboratory observationd) Survey
7) When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?a) Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods after the study is completedb) Prevent mental and physical harm to subjectsc) Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep participatingd) All of the above
1. Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative research?a. Grounded Theory Researchb. Correlational Researchc. Quasi-Experimental Researchd. Experimental Research
a. Grounded Theory Research
2. Deductive reasoning is applied in:a. Qualitative researchb. Quantitative researchc. Action researchd. Applied research
3. Which of the following is a qualitative research design where lived experiences of individuals are examined in their "life-world"?a. Ethnographyb. Ethologyc. Phenomenologyd. Grounded theory
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?a. Deductive processb. Control over the contextc. Fixed research designd. Inductive process
5. Qualitative research design involvesa. Emergent designb. Correlative designc. Experimental designd. Cohort design
6. Describe two features of a phenomenological study
The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived experience" of a phenomenon.The first principle of analysis of phenomenological data is to use an emergent strategy.
7. The research design in which the area inquiry is the manner by which people make sense of social interactions is:a. Grounded theoryb. Phenomenologyc. Symbolic interactionismd. Ethnography
8. Define the term triangulation
Triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources.- application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon.
9. The process of identifying and holding in abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions one has about the phenomena of understanding is:a. Bricolageb. Content Analysisc. Bracketingd. Bricoleur
10. A design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design:a. Experimental designb. Quasi-experimental designc. Exploratory designd. Emergent design
(Qualitative) (a judgement call) achieving a balance between emic and etic points of view. Trustworthiness of the ethical and credibility of both quantitative and qualitative researches.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Definition of Reliability
quantitative) This is usually has to do with HOW the data were collected (data is plural by the way and so if you want to be a really cool research nerd you’ll remember that fact!)
Definition of Credibility
(qualitative) – establishes that the results of qualitative research are credible or believable from the perspective of the participant in the research.
Qualitative Research design types-
• Descriptive exploratory• Phenomenology-what is the lived experience? What is the meaning? What is the quality?• Grounded theory- examines processes, inter relationships, interviews, examinations, focuses on social processes and meaning.• Ethnography-understanding culture of a group, usually about patterns of behaviour within social context of a sub culture• Historical- document events.
Quantitative Research Designs
• Critique – is this article going to answer the research question• Experimental –quasi experimental.• Non-experimental- descriptive- correlational• Descriptive design-
What does descriptive statistics allow?
Allows the researchers to describe, organise and summarise raw data
What does inferential statistics allow for?
It allows researchers to estimate how reliably they can predictions and generalise their findings based on the data
What are the 3 most common measures of variability?
-range-variance-standard deviation
What is standard deviation?
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance- therefore in same units as original measurements
What are the advantages of standard deviation?
-takes all the scores into account-can be used to interpret individual scores-standard deviation allows the reader to get a feel for the variation the data contain-used in calculation of many inferential statistics
What are inferential statistics?
It allows inferences or conclusions to be drawn from data
What does descriptive statistics do?
There are usually 2 purposes for inferential statistics. What were they?
-estimate how well a sample statistic reflects the population parameter-test hypotheses or predictions about population
What do research hypotheses do?
Shows that there is some specified relationship between dependent and independent variables
What does a null hypotheses do?
Shows that there is no relationship between dependent and independent variables.It is easier to disprove something than to prove it.
How is trustworthiness/rigor assured in qualitative research?
-Credibility (truthfulness)-Auditability (consistency)-Transferability (fittingness/applicability)-Confirmability (no bias or distortion)through member checking, audit trails, triangulation
Why is rigor so important?
Need to know methods can be trusted and can have confidence in results, and using them ieapplying in clinical practice
List four quantitative data collection methods
ExperimentsObservationalquestionnairesInterviews
Descriptive statistics allow researchers to?
describe, organise & summarise raw data
Inferential statistics allow researchers to?
Estimate how reliably they can make predictions & generalise their findings based on the data
What is Mixed Methods Research?
Research in which the investigator collects and analyses data, integrates the findings and draws inferences using both qualitative and quantitative approaches or methods in a single study.
Why conduct mixed methods research?
Seeking convergence and corroboration of results from different methods that are studying same phenomena
what is Methodological Triangulation and what is it used for?
Different methods of data collection used in same study-Triangulation : usually applied to qualitative research-Reduces error/increases rigor
What is the Value of Mixed Methods?
-Potential for more complete & comprehensive research opportunity-Can give additional perspectives & insights beyond scope of single design-Weaknesses of one method may be counter-balanced by strengths of another
What are the Limitations of using Mixed Methods research?
-Complex-Time consuming-Involved-Resource-intensive-Knowledge required of researchers- both qualitative & quantitative knowledge -Understanding & acceptance by research community needed
What is the Delphi Technique?
-Uses expert opinion on a clinical practice problem-Non-empirical approach (ie no data collection)-Useful when experimental approach not feasible-Limitation: only represents opinion
What is a systematic review?
A summary of the research literature that is focused on a single question.
List some the characteristics of systematic review.
-clearly articulated objectives and questions-detailed inclusion and exclusion-a comprehensive search-critical appraisal of the quality of included studies-data analysis (meta-analysis)-presentation and synthesis of the findings extracted-transparent reported methodology
What are some limitations of systematic reviews?
-badly conducted systematic reviews-bias on paper selection-influenced by researchers search skills-result might not be combined and presented properly-language limits
What is the purpose of ethics in research?
-protecting rights of subjects-balance of benefits and risks-informed consent
What is informed consent?
-providing participants with enough information-providing information that the participants can understand-no coercion/ overt/implied
List at least 5 elements of informed consent
-title of agency-invitation to participate-study purpose/aim-right to withdraw-voluntary participation-Description of risks/benefits-assurance of confidentiality/anonymity-conflicts of interests declared-concluding statement-name and contacts of researchers, institution, ethics committee-separate consent form
What is the point of privacy in research?
To conceal all matters relating to the participants
What is the purpose of anonymity in research?
So that no one can identify study participants
What is the purpose of confidentiality in research?
So the identities of subjects not linked to information provided therefore require the use of codes.Data must be securely stored
What is variance and what is it used for?
Measures the variability that includes every score in the distribution rather than only 2 scores-takes into account every individual score
In qualitative research, trustworthiness of data collected can be ensured by?
One role of descriptive statistics is to?
Results section of research papers, summarise findings with 2 major goals. These are?
-to describe/explain phenomenon of interest-to predict aspects related to that phenomenon
Observing the social interactions of pre-school children in a playgroup using pre-determined items on an observation checklist Qualitative research Quantitative researchBoth
Studying the behaviour of newborn infants by observing and recording their second-by-second movements during their first 72 hours of life following birth Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Using a written questionnaire with closed-ended questions (eg. Yes/No) to survey a large number of bushfire victims who may be experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Observing whether drivers conform to road rules by counting the number of drivers who disobey a stop sign at an intersection Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Observing the effects of using a treat as a reward to teach a dog to sit on command Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Investigating the effects of observing violence by analysing and interpreting children's drawings after they have watched violent cartoons on televison. Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Testing the relationship between the scores on an intelligence test and scores on a personality test Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Conducting an experiment to investigate whether having regular rest breaks during a prolonged study session improves performance on a test. Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Investigating ways of which females are portrayed in the print media by analysing newspaper and magazines advertisements Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
Organising a small number of participants into a discussion group to study the experience of sexual discrimination in the workplace. Qualitative research Quantitative research Both
1. What are the major types of quantitative research designs?
Experimental: Experimental & Quasi-Experimental. Non-experimental: Descriptive & Correlational
systematic methods to address questions about a program to offer feedback to stakeholders.
What skills would you need to be an evaluator?
good communicationnon-biasedunderstand the research goalsrapport building skills
What are the principles of evaluation?
A. Systematic Inquiry: Evaluators conduct systematic, data-based inquiries.B. Competence: Evaluators provide competent performance to stakeholders.C.Integrity/Honesty: Evaluators display honesty and integrity in their own behavior, and attempt to ensure the honesty and integrity of the entire evaluation process.D. Respect for People: Evaluators respect the security, dignity and self-worth of respondents, program participants, clients, and other evaluation stakeholders.E. Responsibilities for General and Public Welfare: Evaluators articulate and take into account the diversity of general and public interests and values that may be related to the evaluation.
What are the 10 steps to Evaluation?
1. - Understand the program2. Engage with stakeholders3. Assess resources4. Organise and select evaluation questions5. determine methods of measurements6. develop evaluation plan7. collect data8. analyse data9. interpret and disseminate10. Apply results of evaluation
Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitative research?A. Grounded Theory ResearchB. Correlational ResearchC. Quasi-Experimental ResearchD. Experimental Research
A. Grounded Theory Research
. The grounded theory approach was developed byA. HeideggerB. Glaser and StraussC. HusserlD. Denzin
Deductive Reasoning is applied in:A. Qualitative researchB. Quantitative researchC. Action researchD. Applied research
Which of the following is a qualitative research design where lived experiences of individuals are examined in their "life-world"?A. EthnographyB. EthologyC. PhenomenologyD. Grounded theory
Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?A. Deductive processB. Control over the contextC. Fixed research designD. Inductive process
6. Qualitative research design involvesA. Emergent designB. Correlative designC. Experimental designD. Cohort design
Phenomenological study involves all the following features, EXCEPTA. Bracket outB. IntuitionC. AnalysisD. DescriptionE. Manipulation
Which of the following qualitative methods focuses on description and interpretation of cultural behavior?A. PhenomenologyB. Grounded theoryC. EthnographyD. Symbolic interactionism
The area of inquiry in grounded theory approach isA. Holistic view of cultureB. Lived experiencesC. Behaviour observed over time in natural contextD. Social structural processes with in social setting
D. Social structural processes with in social setting
The research design in which the area inquiry is the manner by which people make sense of social interactions:A. Grounded theoryB. PhenomenologyC. Symbolic interactionismD. Ethnography
C. Symbolic interactionism
The term triangulation was coined by:A. Denzin (1989)B. Leininger (1985)C. Glaser and Strauss (1967)D. Heidegger
In qualitative research, a guiding principle in deciding sample size is:A. Effect sizeB. Number of variablesC. Data saturationD. Sub-group analysis
The term refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth:A. Item analysisB. Factor analysisC. Error measurementD. Triangulation
Characteristics of qualitative research design areA. Flexible and elastic designB. Use of mixed methodologiesC. Ongoing analysis to formulate subsequent strategiesD. Researcher becomes the instrumentE. All of the above
The tendency in qualitative research to derive a complex array of data from a variety of sources, using variety of methods is termed as:A. TriangulationB. BricolageC. Cross-tabulationD. Confirmability
1. Random sampling or probability sampling includes all the following techniques, except:A. Simple random samplingB. Stratified random SamplingC. Cluster samplingD. Purposive Sampling
2. Gender, age-class, religion, type of disease, and blood group are measured on:A. Nominal scale of measurementB. Ordinal scale of measurementC. Interval scale of measurementD. Ratio scale of measurement
A. Nominal scale of measurement
3. Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero?A. NominalB. OrdinalC. IntervalD. Ratio
The variable which is influenced by the intervention of the researcher is called:A. IndependentB. DependentC. DiscreteD. Extraneous
5. The statistical approach which helps the investigator to decide whether the outcome of the study is a result of factors planned within design of the study or determined by chance is called:A. Descriptive statisticsB. Inferential statisticsC. Normal distributionD. Standard deviation
B. Inferential statistics
6. Which of the following methods is a form of graphical presentation of data?A. Line DiagramB. Pie diagramC. Bar diagramD. Histogram
7. All the following are measures of central tendency, except:A. MeanB. MedianC. ModeD. Variance
8. Which measure of central tendency is Influenced by extreme scores and skewed distributions?A. Mean B. MedianC. ModeD. Range
9. A measure of central tendency which is calculated by numbers arranging in numerical order is:A. Standard deviationB. RangeC. Median D. Mode
10. The proportion of observations fall above the median is:A. 68%B. 50%C. 75%D. 95%
11. The indices used to measure variation or dispersion among scores are all, except:A. RangeB. VarianceC. Standard deviationD. Mean
12. A measure of dispersion of a set of observations in which it is calculated by the difference between the highest and lowest values produced is called:A. Standard deviationB. Variance C. RangeD. Mode
13. A statistic which describes the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and 75th percentile ranks is:A. Inter quartile rangeB. Confidence IntervalC. Standard deviationD. Variance
14. The Median value is the:A. 25th percentileB. 50th percentileC. 75th percentileD. 95th percentile
15. Large standard deviations suggest that:A. scores are probably widely scattered.B. there is very little deference among scores.C. mean, median and mode are the sameD. the scores not normally distributed.
A. scores are probably widely scattered.
1. A method of analyzing qualitative data that involves an interactive approach to testing research hypothesis:A. Analytic inductionB. Axial codingC. 'Blind' reviewD. Inquiry audit
A design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design:A. Experimental designB. Quasi-experimental designC. Exploratory designD. Emergent design
'Emic perspective' refers to:A. Outsider's viewB. Insider's viewC. Etic perspectiveD. Holistic view
6. A branch of qualitative research associated with the field of anthropology:A. EthnographyB. AnthropologyC. EtymologyD. Epistemology
7. Which of the following is NOT a qualitative method of research?A. EthnographyB. Case StudyC. Survey/SamplingD. Discourse/Text AnalysisE. Meta-Analysis
8. Which is a characteristic of qualitative research methods?A. Naturalistic inquiry B. Random samplingC. Introduction of a treatmentD. Use of a control group
9. A method of refining a hypothesis or theory in a qualitative study that involves the inclusion of cases that appear to deconfirm earlier hypotheses:A. Negative case analysisB. Open codingC. Quasi-statisticsD. Theoretical sampling
A. Negative case analysis
10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of qualitative research?A. Seek to explore phenomenaB. Emergent designC. Positivist paradigmD. Use semi-structured methods
1. Which of the following classification of research designs is based on the dimension of control over independent variables?A. Structured and flexibleB. Cross-sectional and longitudinalC. Retrospective and prospectiveD. Experimental/quasi experimental and non-experimental
D. Experimental/quasi experimental and non-experimental
2. A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same people at two or more points in time:A. Case control studyB. Panel studyC. Prospective studyD. Retrospective studyAnswer Key
3. The process in which each participant has an equal and known probability of being assigned to either the control or the experimental group is:A. RandomizationB. ManipulationC. Research control
4. The the primary objective of experimental methodology is:A. Ensure external validityB. Improve internal validityC. To eliminate type I errorD. To reduce ethical problems
B. Improve internal validity
5. A characteristic features of quasi-experimental design are all, EXCEPT:A. Experimental and control groups may be nonequivalentB. Less powerful than true-experimental designC. Limited confidence in the internal validity of the studyD. Random assignment of units to comparison groups
D. Random assignment of units to comparison groups
6. Repeated-measures design is also known as:A. Crossover designB. Solomon four-group designC. Time series designD. With-in subjects design
7. The process of maneuvering the independent variable so that its effect on the dependent variable can be observed is:A. Deductive ReasoningB. DelimitationC. ManipulationD. Meta-analysis
1. "Cardiac patients who receive support from former patients have less anxiety and higher self-efficacy than other patients". This statement is an example of:A. Directional hypothesisB. Non-directional hypothesisC. Statistical hypothesisD. Null hypothesis
A. Directional hypothesis=
2. What is TRUE about research hypothesis?A. States there is no relationship between the variables.B. Statement about the expected relationship of the variables.C. States a negative relationship between the variablesD. Research hypothesis should always be directional.
B. Statement about the expected relationship of the variables.=
3. Hypothesis testing is sometimes called:A. Exploratory data analysisB. Power analysisC. Deductive ReasoningD. Confirmatory data analysis
D. Confirmatory data analysis
1. A sampling process where each element of the population that is sampled is subjected to an independent Bernoulli trial which determines whether the element becomes part of the sample during the drawing of a single sample:A. Simple Random SamplingB. Stratified Random SamplingC. Poisson samplingD. Multistage Sampling
2. Data collection about everyone or everything in group or population and has the advantage of accuracy and detail:A. CensusB. SurveyC. Probability samplingD. Cluster sampling
3. The stages of sampling process comprises: (Multiple Response Question)A. Defining the populationB. Specifying sampling frameC. Specifying sampling methodD. Determining the sample sizeE. Sampling and data collection
4. A sampling method which involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards (where k= population size/sample size):A. Simple random samplingB. Stratfied random samplingC. Systematic samplingD. Snowball sampling
5. Considerations for choosing sample size include:A. The degree of precision requiredB. Method of samplingC. Way in which results will be analyzedD. All of the above
6. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is referred to as the:A. Test statisticB. Standard errorC. Confidence intervalD. Test of signaifiance
7. Sampling bias or the error resulting from taking a non-random sample of a population include:A. Pre-screeningB. Self-Selection BiasC. Selection from a Specific AreaD. Exclusion biasE. All of the above |
The tendency in qualitative research to derive a complex array of data from a variety of sources, using variety of methods is termed as:
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