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17. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
18. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ____
19. Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?
blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
20. Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
21. To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.
22. With respect to drug effects, "efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to ____.
23. The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.
24. Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
25. An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called ____.
26. As an addiction develops, many of its effects, especially the enjoyable effects, decrease, a phenomenon known as____.
27. As the body comes to expect the drug under certain circumstances, it reacts strongly when the drug is absent, a reaction known as ____
28. Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____
many genes, each with a small effect
29. A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.
30. People with Type II (Type B) alcoholism ____
have rapid onset alcoholism
31. Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____
alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others
32. Which drug is used in the treatment of opiate addiction and has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effect so that the person visits a clinic three times a week instead of daily?
33. A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.
34. Which drug is used in the treatment of alcoholism to block opiate receptors and thus reduce the pleasure from alcohol?
35. Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?
36. Worldwide, the median incidence estimate for autism spectrum disorders is about one in ____.
37. Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ____ —enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA
38. Women who take folic acid pills during pregnancy have about ____ the probability of having a child with autism as compared to other women.
39. About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ___
antibodies that attack certain brain proteins
40. Studies of the genetics of autism spectrum disorders indicate that ____.
many cases result from new mutations or microdeletions in any of a number of genes
41. The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorders include ____
deficits in social exchanges
42. Which autism treatment is most widely used?
dietary modifications such as elimination of sugar or food dyes
43. As compared to non-depressed people, depressed individuals ____
have fewer pleasant experiences
44. What can be said about treatment for autism spectrum disorders?
While drugs like risperidone can be used to reduce stereotyped behaviors, they have a risk of dangerous side-effects.
45. People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which type of disorder?
46. Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
47. On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
48. Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
49. Which symptoms are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
50. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?
51. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____
52. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
53. In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ____
block the reuptake of only serotonin
One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John's wort is that it ____
decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
55. ____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
56. The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950s because ____
antidepressant drugs became available
57. Electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it ____.
produces its benefits faster
58. The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is ____
59. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that ____
both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why
In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person's ____
61. Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
high in mania and low in depression
62. Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____
whether they include full-blown manic phases
63. Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?
64. Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____
the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic
65. What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
66. Similar to depressed patients, bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their ____
67. People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely become depressed ____.
68. Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?
69. What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
70. Which disorder is characterized by a deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior?
71. Which behavior is most suggestive of schizophrenia?
deterioration of daily functioning with disorganized speech and behavior
72. ____ was originally called dementia praecox.
73. Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as ____
multiple personality disorder
74. An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is ____
poor emotional expression
75. A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from ____
76. One of the main problems with schizophrenia is ____ that result from abnormal interactions between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum.
77. What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?
behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent
78. Hallucinations, delusions, and grossly disorganized behavior are classified as which kind of symptoms?
79. A delusion is a(n) ____
80. What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between ____ and ____ aspects of experience.
81. Disorganized speech and grossly disorganized behavior represent the ____ in schizophrenia.
a wide range of possible positive symptoms
82. What is the most common cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
impaired understanding of abstract concepts
83. A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a male in which age range?
84. The concordance rate of schizophrenia among twins is ____
higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins
85. The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ____ percent for monozygotic twins
86. When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disease is significantly more probable among the ____
biological relatives than the adopting relatives
87. One important factor to consider when making judgments about the relative influence of genetics on schizophrenia is the ____.
88. Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that ____
there are probably several possible genes that increase a person's risk for schizophrenia
89. One gene of interest in schizophrenia is DISC1. This gene ____
controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development
90. Researchers have had trouble replicating studies that found a particular gene linked to schizophrenia. According to one recent hypothesis, ____.
spontaneous mutations in any of hundreds of genes can cause schizophrenia
91. Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?
having an older than average father
92. What is one factor in prenatal development that has been found to be related to increased incidences of schizophrenia later in life?
prenatal exposure to Toxoplasma gondii
93. Which factor is sometimes taken as evidence that schizophrenia might be caused by a virus?
the season-of-birth effect
94. Brain differences common to schizophrenia include ____
larger than normal cerebral ventricles
95. The planum temporale is slightly ____ in the ____ temporal lobe of schizophrenics as compared to most other people.
96. The areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality in schizophrenics include the ____
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
97. The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the ____
98. People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the ____
99. Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop ____
early and then remain fairly steady
100. Prior to the 1950s, few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of ____
101. Another term for antipsychotic drugs is ____
102. The two chemical families to which most antipsychotic drugs belong are ____
phenothiazines and butyrophenones
103. Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs?
blockage of dopamine receptors
104. The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely related to the strength of what effect?
blockage of dopamine receptors
105. Repeated use of large doses of amphetamine or cocaine can lead to a behavioral condition similar to ____.
106. An individual shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms, but is not schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely?
substance-induced psychotic disorder
107. An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.
108. Phencyclidine (PCP), which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia, has which effect?
It inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors.
109. The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it ____
increases the effectiveness of glutamate
110. For schizophrenics, atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in ____
reducing negative symptoms
111. A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is ____.
112. The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____.
tremors and other involuntary movements
113. What happens when schizophrenics stop taking neuroleptic drugs?
Tardive dyskinesia may continue.
114. Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they ____.
more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors
115. All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____
do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs
116. Which statement about the long-term course for people diagnosed with schizophrenia is true?
Up to one-fourth will have a serious disorder throughout their lives. |
Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____.
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