Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:
* Of importance
** Of major importance
1. Lennie TA, Worrall-Carter L, Hammash M, Odom-Forren J, Roser LP, Smith CS, Trupp R, Chung ML, Moser DK. Relationship of heart failure patients’ knowledge, perceived barriers, and attitudes regarding low-sodium diet recommendations to adherence. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;23:6–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Dietary sodium intake guidelines for patients with heart failure
| American Dietetic Association [11•] | Sodium intake should be less than 2 g/day. Sodium restriction will improve symptoms (i.e. edema, fatigue) and quality of life. | Fair. Committee believed benefits outweigh harm, but quality of evidence is limited |
| American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association [9] | Sodium restriction is reasonable for patients with symptomatic heart failure to reduce congestive symptoms. | Level C. Very limited populations studied. Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies, or standard of care |
| European Heart Failure Society [8] | Sodium restriction may help control the symptoms and signs of congestion in patients with symptomatic heart failure classes III and IV. | No level. Committee considered evidence insufficient to be leveled |
| Heart Failure Society of America [10] | Dietary sodium restriction (2–3 g daily) is recommended for patients with the clinical syndrome of heart failure and preserved or depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. | Level C. Expert Opinion. Observational studies-epidemiologic findings; safety reporting from large- scale use in practice |