A nurse is caring for a newborn whose mother received magnesium sulfate to treat preterm labor

1. Ali A, Walentik C, Mantych GJ, Sadiq HF, Keenan WJ, Noguchi A. Iatrogenic acute hypermagnesemia after total parenteral nutrition infusion mimicking septic shock syndrome: two case reports. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e70–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, Farrell B, Moodley J, Neilson J, Smith D Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1877–1890. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee Opinion No. 455: Magnesium sulfate before anticipated preterm birth for neuroprotection. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:669–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Bain E, Bubner T, Ashwood P, Crowther CA, Middleton P WISH Project Team. Implementation of a clinical practice guideline for antenatal magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection in Australia and New Zealand. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013a;53:86–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Bain E, Bubner T, Ashwood P, Van Ryswyk E, Simmonds L, Reid S, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Barriers and enablers to implementing antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection guidelines: a study using the theoretical domains framework. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:176. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Bain E, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD009302. 2012 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Bain ES, Middleton PF, Crowther CA. Maternal adverse effects of different antenatal magnesium sulphate regimens for improving maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013b;13:195. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Bain ES, Middleton PF, Yelland LN, Ashwood PJ, Crowther CA. Maternal adverse effects with different loading infusion rates of antenatal magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection: the IRIS randomised trial. BJOG. 2014;121:595–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Bickford CD, Magee LA, Mitton C, Kruse M, Synnes AR, Sawchuck D, Basso M, Senikas VM, von Dadelszen P MAG-CP Working Group. Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:527. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Borja-Del-Rosario P, Basu SK, Haberman S, Bhutada A, Rastogi S. Neonatal serum magnesium concentrations are determined by total maternal dose of magnesium sulfate administered for neuroprotection. J Perinat Med. 2014;42:207–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Bouet PE, Brun S, Madar H, Baisson AL, Courtay V, Gascoin-Lachambre G, Lasocki S, Sentilhes L. Implementation of an antenatal magnesium sulfate protocol for fetal neuroprotection in preterm infants. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14732. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Brookfield KF, Su F, Elkomy MH, Drover DR, Lyell DJ, Carvalho B. Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:737.e1–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Burd I, Breen K, Friedman A, Chai J, Elovitz MA. Magnesium sulfate reduces inflammation-associated brain injury in fetal mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:292.e1–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Cahill AG, Odibo AO, Stout MJ, Grobman WA, Macones GA, Caughey AB. Magnesium sulfate therapy for the prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants: a decision-analytic and economic analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:542.e1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Chollat C, Le Doussal L, de la Villéon G, Provost D, Marret S. Antenatal magnesium sulphate administration for fetal neuroprotection: a French national survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:304. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Chollat C, Sentilhes L, Marret S. Fetal neuroprotection by magnesium sulfate: from translational research to clinical application. Front Neurol. 2018;9:247. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Antenatal magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants less than 34 weeks’ gestation: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:595–609. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Costantine MM, Weiner SJ. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network (2009) Effects of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection and mortality in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 114:354–364. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Costello RB, Elin RJ, Rosanoff A, Wallace TC, Guerrero-Romero F, Hruby A, Lutsey PL, Nielsen FH, Rodriguez-Moran M, Song Y, Van Horn LV. Perspective: The case for an evidence-based reference interval for serum magnesium: the time has come. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:977–993. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW, Haslam RR. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2669–2676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Duley L, Pryde PG, Marret S, Doyle LW AMICABLE Group. Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002398. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. De Silva DA, Sawchuck D, von Dadelszen P, Basso M, Synnes AR, Liston RM, Magee LA. Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia and fetal neuroprotection: a comparative analysis of protocols across canadian tertiary perinatal centres. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015;37:975–987. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. De Silva DA, Synnes AR, von Dadelszen P, Lee T, Bone JN, Magee LA MAG-CP; CPN and CNN collaborative groups. MAGnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection to prevent Cerebral Palsy (MAG-CP)-implementation of a national guideline in Canada. Implement Sci. 2018;13:8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Doll E, Wilkes J, Cook LJ, Korgenski EK, Faix RG, Yoder BA, Srivastava R, Sherwin CMT, Spigarelli MG, Clark EAS, Bonkowsky JL. Neonatal magnesium levels correlate with motor outcomes in premature infants: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:120. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Marret S, Rouse D. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004661. 2009 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Drassinower D, Friedman AM, Levin H, Običan SG, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Does magnesium exposure affect neonatal resuscitation? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. García Alonso L, Pumarada Prieto M, González Colmenero E, Concheiro Guisán A, Suárez Albo M, Durán Fernández-Feijoo C, González Durán L, Fernández Lorenzo JR. Prenatal therapy with magnesium sulfate and its correlation with neonatal serum magnesium concentration. Am J Perinatol. 2018;35:170–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Huey CG, Chan KM, Wong ET, Nelson JM, Durand M. Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center clinical pathology case conference: extreme hypermagnesemia in a neonate. Clin Chem. 1995;41:615–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Hyun HS, Choi HS, Kim JK, Ahn SY, Yoo HS, Kim ES, Chang YS, Park WS. Idiopathic severe hypermagnesemia in an extremely low birth weight infant on the first day of life. Korean J Pediatr. 2011;54:310–312. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. James AT, Corcoran JD, Hayes B, Franklin O, El-Khuffash A. The effect of antenatal magnesium sulfate on left ventricular afterload and myocardial function measured using deformation and rotational mechanics imaging. J Perinatol. 2015;35:913–918. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Kang SW, Choi SK, Park E, Chae SJ, Choi S, Jin Joo H, Lee GJ, Park HK. Neuroprotective effects of magnesium-sulfate on ischemic injury mediated by modulating the release of glutamate and reduced of hyperreperfusion. Brain Res. 2011;1371:121–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Malapaka SVN, Ballal PK. Low-dose magnesium sulfate versus Pritchard regimen for the treatment of eclampsia imminent eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;115:70–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Marret S, Gressens P, Gadisseux JF, Evrard P. Prevention by magnesium of excitotoxic neuronal death in the developing brain: an animal model for clinical intervention studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:473–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Marret S, Marpeau L, Bénichou J. Benefit of magnesium sulfate given before very preterm birth to protect infant brain. Pediatrics. 2008;121:225–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Marret S, Marpeau L, Zupan-Simunek V, Eurin D, Lévêque C, Hellot MF, Bénichou J. Magnesium sulphate given before verypreterm birth to protect infant brain: the randomised controlled PREMAG trial. BJOG. 2007;114:310–318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Mazur A, Maier JAM, Rock E, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium and the inflammatory response: potential physiopathological implications. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007;458:48–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. McPherson JA, Rouse DJ, Grobman WA, Palatnik A, Stamilio DM. Association of duration of neuroprotective magnesium sulfate infusion with neonatal and maternal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:749–755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG, Lee KS, Gianopoulos JG, Besinger RE, Tomich PG. Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:1111–1118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Morag I, Rotem I, Frisch M, Hendler I, Simchen MJ, Leibovitz L, Maayan-Metzger A, Strauss T. Cumulative pain-related stress and developmental outcomes among low-risk preterm infants at one year corrected age. Early Hum Dev. 2017;109:1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Narasimhulu D, Brown A, Egbert NM, Rojas M, Haberman S, Bhutada A, Minkoff H, Rastogi S. Maternal magnesium therapy, neonatal serum magnesium concentration and immediate neonatal outcomes. J Perinatol. 2017;37:1297–1303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Nowak L, Bregestovski P, Ascher P, Herbet A, Prochiantz A. Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature. 1984;307:462–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Nunes RD, Schutz FD, Traebert JL. Association between the use of magnesium sulfate as neuroprotector in prematurity and the neonatal hemodynamic effects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017:1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Ow LL, Kennedy A, McCarthy EA, Walker SP. Feasibility of implementing magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection in a tertiary obstetric unit. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;52:356–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Rattray BN, Kraus DM, Drinker LR, Goldberg RN, Tanaka DT, Cotten CM. Antenatal magnesium sulfate and spontaneous intestinal perforation in infants less than 25 weeks gestation. J Perinatol. 2014;34:819–822. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Rayssiguier Y, Libako P, Nowacki W, Rock E. Magnesium deficiency and metabolic syndrome: stress and inflammation may reflect calcium activation. Magnes Res. 2010;23:73–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Rigo J, Pieltain C, Christmann V, Bonsante F, Moltu SJ, Iacobelli S, Marret S. Serum magnesium levels in preterm infants are higher than adult levels: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9:E1125. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Rouse DJ, Hirtz DG,  Thom E,  Varner MW,  Spong CY,  Mercer BM,  Iams JD,  Wapner RJ,  Sorokin Y,  Alexander JM,  Harper M,  Thorp JM Jr, Ramin SM,  Malone FD,  Carpenter M,  Miodovnik M,  Moawad A,  O’Sullivan MJ,  Peaceman AM,  Hankins GD, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:895–905. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Shih STF, Tonmukayakul U, Imms C, Reddihough D, Graham HK, Cox L, Carter R. Economic evaluation and cost of interventions for cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60:543–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Siwicki K, Bain E, Bubner T, Ashwood P, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Nonreceipt of antenatal magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide 2010-2013. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55:233–238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Suply E, Leclair MD, Neunlist M, Roze JC, Flamant C. Spontaneous intestinal perforation and necrotizing enterocolitis: a 16-year retrospective study from a single center. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2015;25:520–525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Tan YH, Groom KM. A prospective audit of the adherence to a new magnesium sulphate guideline for the neuroprotection of infants born less than 30 weeks’ gestation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55:90–93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Teela KC, De Silva DA, Chapman K, Synnes AR, Sawchuck D, Basso M, Liston RM, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA MAG-CP Collaborative Group. Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection: benefits and challenges of a systematic knowledge translation project in Canada. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:347. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Tudela CM, McIntire DD, Alexander JM. Effect of maternal body mass index on serum magnesium levels given for seizure prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:314–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Turitz AL, Too GT, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Proximity of magnesium exposure to delivery and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215:508.e1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Vilchez G, Dai J, Lagos M, Sokol RJ. Maternal side effects & fetal neuroprotection according to body mass index after magnesium sulfate in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31:178–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Wolf HT, Hegaard HK, Greisen G, Huusom L, Hedegaard M. Treatment with magnesium sulphate in pre-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32:135–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Wolf HT, Huusom L, Weber T, Piedvache A, Schmidt S, Norman M, Zeitlin J EPICE Research Group. Use of magnesium sulfate before 32 weeks of gestation: a European population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e013952. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Zeng X, Xue Y, Tian Q, Sun R, An R. Effects and safety of magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection: a meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2451. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Protocols for the administration of MgSO4 for neuroprotection according to international recommendations

A nurse is caring for a newborn whose mother received magnesium sulfate to treat preterm labor