A nurse is caring for a client who has a urinary tract infection. the client is disoriented

In geriatrics, delirium is widely viewed as a consequence of and, therefore, a reason to initiate workup for urinary tract infection (UTI). There is a possibility that this association is overestimated. To determine the evidence behind this clinical practice, we undertook a systematic review of the literature linking delirium with UTI.

A MEDLINE search was conducted from 1966 through 2012 using the MESH terms “urinary tract infection” and “delirium”, limited to humans, age 65 and older. The search identified 111 studies. Of these, five met our inclusion criteria of being primary studies that addressed the association of UTI and delirium. The studies were four cross-sectional observational studies and one case series. No randomized control trials were identified. All studies were published between 1988 and 2011. Four collected data retrospectively and one prospectively, with study sizes ranging from 14 to 1,285. The methodological strength of the studies was evaluated using six standards adapted from a previous systematic review.

Only two of the five studies adequately matched or statistically adjusted for differences in comparison groups. None of the studies evaluated subjects with equal intensity for the presence of delirium and UTI, nor did they have objective criteria for either diagnosis. In subjects with delirium, UTI rates ranged from 25.9% to 32% compared to 13% in those without delirium. In subjects with UTI, delirium rates ranged from 30% to 35%, compared to 7.7% to 8% in those without UTI.

Few studies have examined the association between UTI and delirium. Though the studies examined conclude that there is an association between UTI and delirium, all of them had significant methodological flaws that likely led to biased results. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain the degree to which urinary tract infections cause delirium. More research is needed to better define the role of UTI in delirium etiology.

Keywords: delirium, urinary tract infection, older adults

Delirium and urinary tract infections (UTI) are two very common conditions in the elderly. The incidence of both conditions increases with age and varies with different clinical sites.(1,2) Urinary tract infections account for almost 25% of all infections in the elderly, particularly those in long term care facilities,(3) while delirium is prevalent in up to 30% of elderly patients, with estimates being much higher postoperatively and in settings such as intensive care units.(4,5) While delirium has multiple etiologies, it is widely viewed as one of the atypical symptoms of UTI in the elderly,(6,7) and some physicians believe that the relationship between delirium and UTI is one of causation.(8,9) They therefore initiate workup for urinary tract infection (UTI) whenever delirium occurs in a patient. However, there is the possibility that this association is overestimated, since there is also a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly, particularly among those in nursing homes. Physicians who routinely search for a UTI in delirious patients will frequently find bacteriuria and treat the patient for a UTI, thinking that they have found the cause of the delirium. To determine the basis for this clinical practice, we undertook a systematic review of the literature linking delirium with UTI.

A MEDLINE search was conducted from 1966 through October 2012 using the MESH terms “urinary tract infection” and “delirium”, limited to humans, age 65 and older. References of relevant articles were also reviewed for papers not included in the initial search. The search identified 111 studies. Both authors reviewed these studies. Five studies met our inclusion criteria: all study designs except case reports; primary studies that address the association of UTI and delirium; enrollment of patients aged 65 years and older.

The studies were classified according to study type and the methodological strength was evaluated using six standards adapted from a previous systematic review.(10) These standards addressed the assembly of study subjects and issues of bias in comparing groups and in the diagnosis of delirium and UTI. In particular, we were looking for study designs that limited “diagnostic suspicion bias” (knowledge of presence of an abnormal urine leading to documentation of delirium) and “exposure suspicion bias” (knowledge of presence of delirium leading to documentation of urine abnormalities). Because there were no randomized controlled trials, we did not include additional standards addressing issues of randomization and blinding. The standards are described below.

Standard 1: Adequate description of subject assembly process—To allow understanding of how assembly of study group could impact generalizability of study results, methods for subject selection should be clearly described such that the study could be replicated, identifying the same or a similar group of subjects. Total number of subjects eligible and actual number included in study should be stated, with reasons for exclusion.
Standard 2: Adequate description of subjects—To assist in generalizing study results, demographic and clinical information about the subjects should be presented, including summary information regarding age, gender, comorbidities, and clinical site of care.
Standard 3: Equality of comparison groups—To limit bias in studies with comparison groups, the groups should be matched for risk factors for delirium or UTI according to study design, either by matching or statistical adjustment.
Standard 4: Ascertainment of presence of disease and outcome performed equally in all study groups—To limit bias in the diagnosis of delirium and UTI, all subjects should have been evaluated with equal intensity for presence of (a) delirium and (b) UTI.
Standard 5: Clear criteria for diagnoses—To allow understanding of diagnostic certainty, objective criteria for the diagnosis of (a) delirium and (b) UTI must be provided.
Standard 6: Adequate description of treatment and subject follow-up—In studies in which patients are followed forward in time, to understand the interventions and their effects, all forms of treatment must be reported, as well as the results of follow-up testing for delirium. In addition, the numbers of patients lost to follow-up should be reported.

The five studies identified were comprised of one case series(8) and four cross-sectional observational studies.(11,12,13,14) All were conducted in the United States except one, which was conducted in Scandinavia.(14) No randomized control trials, case control, or cohort studies were found. The studies were published between 1988 and 2011 and used retrospective data collection; except for one cross-sectional study that collected data prospectively.(14) The studies ranged in size from 14 to 1,285 subjects. Four of the studies were in hospital settings(8,11,12,13) and one had community dwelling and institutionalized participants.(14) Of those with delirium, UTI rates ranged from 25.9% to 32%, compared to 13% in those without delirium. Of those with UTI, delirium rates ranged from 30% to 35%, compared to 7.7% to 8% in those without UTI (Table 1).

Systematic review and description of studies on UTI and delirium

Author/Year/Country	Study Type	Subjects	Delirium Diagnosis	UTI Diagnosis	Results	Standards Met
Levkoff et al.(11) United States	Cross-sectional; retrospective data collection using computerized database	Cases: 117 patients hospitalized during 2-year period with discharge diagnosis of delirium, age ≥ 60 yrs. Controls: 1,168 randomly selected hospitalized patients same 2-year period, age ≥ 60 yr, without delirium diagnosis, matched by admitting service.	ICD-9 diagnosis of delirium coded on discharge.	ICD-9 diagnosis of UTI coded on discharge.	Delirium cases: 37/117 (32%) with UTIControls: 154/1168 (13%) with UTIUnivariate OR 3.05 (95% CI 2.01–4.50) Multivariate: “UTI was the most significant factor associated with delirium.”	1,2,3
Manepalli et al.(8) United States	Case series; retrospective data	Cases: patients admitted to a psychogeriatric unit over a 2-year period with admission or discharge diagnosis of delirium and UTI.Of a total 407, 14/54 with diagnosis of delirium also had UTI diagnosis. Controls: none.	“Physician’s clinical impression”	“UTI listed as admission or discharge diagnosis.” Chart review: abnormal urinalysis: 14/14 UTI symptoms: 5/14 positive urine culture: 13/14 fever: 1/14	14 of 54 (25.9%) subjects with diagnosis of delirium also had diagnosis of UTI. 9/14 (64.3%) from chart review had improved delirium symptoms with UTI treatment.	1,2 3 NA
Kamel(13) United States	Cross-sectional; retrospective data collection	138 hospitalized patients, > 65 yrs, undergoing hip fracture surgery.	Chart review: documentation of confusion or acute change in mental status	Chart review: ICD-9 diagnosis code for UTI	UTI coding: 7/20 (35%) with delirium No UTI: 10/118 (8%) with delirium	1,2
Gau et al.(12) United States	Cross-sectional; retrospective data collection	Cases: 154 patients hospitalized during 3-year period with discharge diagnosis of UTI, age ≥ 65 yrs, without history of bladder catheter, hospital acquired UTI, or cancer. Controls: 142 hospitalized patients without bacteriuria, age matched, hospitalized during a 1-year period, without bacteriuria.	Chart review: delirium, acute confusion, or mental status change documented on admission were grouped as “delirium”	Chart review: symptomatic bacteriuria/UTI – positive urine culture and at least one clinical manifestation: local symptoms, fever, or others such as lower abdominal pain or change in mental status Chart review: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB); bacteriuria without above symptoms	Bacteriuria cases (UTI and ASB): 46/154 (30%) with deliriumControls: 11/142 (7.7%) with delirium OR 5.07 (95% CI 2.51–10.27) UTI cases: 40/104 (38%) with delirium ASB cases: 6/50 (12%) with delirium OR 4.58 (95% CI 1.79–11.73)	2, 5b
Eriksson et al.(14) Sweden and Finland	Cross-sectional; prospective data collection	Population-based random sample of women ≥ 85 yrs, n = 504.Delirium cases: 137 No delirium controls: 367	Determined by “experienced geriatrician”, based on episodes of delirium during past month, results of assessment with the Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) Scale and MMSE, interviews with relatives and caregivers, and medical records, using DSM-IV criteria.	Record of symptomatic UTI with antibiotic treatment, or symptoms and laboratory tests judged to indicate a UTI during assessment by study personnel. Urine culture positive in only 15 of 39 patients with UTI and delirium.	Delirium cases: 39/137 (28.5%) with UTINo delirium: 48/367 (13.1%) with UTI Multivariate: OR 1.9 (95%CI 1.1–3.3)	1,2,3, 4a, 5a

There was general compliance with Standards 1 and 2 dealing with assembly and description of subjects. Only two of the five studies made any attempt to match or adjust comparison groups to make them comparable (Standard 3). None of the studies fully complied with Standards 4 and 5, which required that delirium and UTI be sought with equal diligence in all subjects, and that there be clear criteria for the diagnosis of delirium and UTI.

Our systematic review has found that few studies have directly examined the association between UTI and delirium. Since no randomized controlled trials have evaluated this association, it is impossible to determine the degree to which urinary tract infection causes delirium and how successful treatment of UTI could lead to improvement in symptoms of delirium. Though the five studies in our review report an association between delirium in elderly patients and UTI, all have significant methodological flaws with potential for bias.

First, most of the studies examined did not provide adequate statistical adjustment for risk factors of delirium or UTI in comparison groups (Standard 3).(8,12,13) The study that best adjusted for risk factors in the comparison group(14) showed only a small association (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1–1.3) between UTI and delirium, the smallest association of the five studies. Inadequate statistical adjustment in the other studies is likely to have led to a biased estimation of the association.

Second, the lack of objective diagnostic criteria for delirium and UTI in studies also presents the potential for bias (Standard 5), since most of the studies use chart review and discharge ICD-9 codes for these two conditions, making verification of the accuracy of these diagnoses difficult to do.

Finally, in the reviewed studies, the door to diagnostic and exposure suspicion biases (Standard 4) was wide open, likely leading to overestimation of the association between UTI and delirium. Given the widespread belief in the relationship of delirium and UTI, if a physician admits a patient with delirium, the presence of UTI would be sought and documented in discharge diagnoses; or, if a physician admits a patient with UTI, presence of delirium would be sought and documented in discharge diagnoses. The only way to definitively avoid these two key biases in a study would be to examine with equal diligence all patients for both delirium and UTI and to record all of the results.

An argument for causation based on these studies is difficult to make. The cross-sectional study designs make it impossible to determine what came first, UTI or delirium. Therefore, the important temporal relationship between the two conditions was not explored in these studies. The strength of association between UTI and delirium is modest at best. There is little specificity for UTI as the cause of delirium since there are multiple other causes. The study by Eriksson et al.,(14) the least prone to bias, on multivariate analysis had the lowest odds ratio among the reviewed studies for the UTI-delirium association, and found other risk factors (presence of Alzheimer’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, depression, heart failure) with larger odds ratios.

Overall, it is reasonable to conclude that there is an association between delirium and sufficiently symptomatic UTI, just as there is for other conditions such as presence of dementia,(8,14) depression,(8,14) heart failure,(14) chronic kidney disease,(11) use of psychotropic medications or multiple medications,(8) and advanced age.(8,15)

On the other hand, it is also reasonable to conclude that asymptomatic bacteriuria—without dysuria, frequency, bladder discomfort, or fever—is unlikely to cause a patient to become delirious, as reported in the study by Gau et al.,(12) and that factors other than an abnormal urinalysis play a more dominant role in the development of delirium.

We recommend that, in evaluating elderly patients with delirium, all clinically plausible etiologies be considered, including a change of environment such as hospitalization, especially in those with baseline cognitive impairment. A reflexive examination of the urine in delirious elderly patients, with an end of the search for explanations if the urine is abnormal, is simply not sufficient and, based on our review, has no sound scientific justification. However, when a physician is faced with a positive urine culture in a patient without UTI symptoms and a negative workup for other causes for delirium, it still may make clinical sense to treat the infection in the hope of clearing the delirium.

It is also critically important for physicians to keep in mind the potential risks of overuse of antibiotics in elderly patients, particularly the danger of clostridium difficile infection.(16) Unfortunately this practice is still quite common. For example, a recent emergency room study showed that almost half of older patients prescribed antibiotics for UTI had subsequent negative urine cultures.(17)

Overall, further research to better define the role of UTI in the etiology and management of delirium in the elderly is warranted.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES

The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.

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